NRLF 


^^^^^B 

11      Br'  \*' 

1^1 

< 

'^   *• 

ACCIDENCE 


^.VVWu-^,V^. 


Ir"^^ 


HEBREW  GRAMMAR 


COFFE 


f''l.    Wi^   "v\' 


/H 


■3- 

I 

■r 

r 


r 


P 


'r<-^ 


I\..r\ 


1 


/vaK)  . 


ACCIDENCE   OF 

HEBREW  GRAMMAR 

WITH   EXERCISES 


BY 

HENRY   A.   COFFEY,   S.J. 

PROFESSOR  OF  HEBREW   IN  WOODSTOCK  COLLBGB 
&LLBYLAND 


B.   HERDER   BOOK   CO. 

17  South  Broadway,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

68  Great  Russell  Street,  London,  W.C. 

1918 


g,5^'^$# 


Copyright,  igi8 

by 

Joseph  Gummershach 

All  rights  reserved 
Printed  in  U.  S.  A. 


VAIL-BALLOU     COMPANY 
•  INQHAMTON  AND   NCW  YORK 


PREFACE 

The  chief  difficulties  that  face  one  entering  on  the  study  of 
Hebrew  arise  from  the  number  and  instability  of  the  masoretic 
points  and  the  changes  incident  to  the  weak,  quiescent  and  gut- 
tural letters.  The  aim  to  lessen  these  difficulties  will  explain 
most  of  the  departures  in  the  following  pages  from  what  might 
otherwise  seem  a  more  logical  method  of  treatment.  The  plan 
therefore  has  been  to  insist  mainly  on  the  verbs  and  to  explain 
the  elements  only  as  they  are  needed  for  immediate  use  in  the 
paradigms,  introducing  other  portions  of  the  accidence  at  the  point 
where  they  seemed  to  fit  in  best  or  were  required  for  the  exercises 
or  where  it  was  desired  to  dwell  for  a  longer  time  on  the  verb 
that  is  being  studied. 

The  whole  question  of  half-open  syllables  and  intermediate 
shewa  has  been  left  untouched.  The  avoidance  of  the  needless 
confusion  and  discouragement  they  cause  was  thought  sufficient 
warrant  for  omitting  what  for  the  present  are  at  best  matters  of 
uncertainty.^  The  same  motive  will  also  explain  the  absence  of 
certain  other  technicalities  in  pronunciation  and  transliteration. 

The  exercises  are  based  entirely  on  the  selections  from  Holy 
Scripture  that  are  placed  at  the  end.  They  will  therefore  serve 
at  the  same  time  as  matter  for  drill  and  as  a  preparation  for 
reading,  while  the  same  word  list  will  suffice  for  both.  In  con- 
nection with  the  exercises  some  short  rules  of  syntax  have  been 
inserted. 

Owing  to  the  brevity  and  fewness  of  the  selections  a  certain 
sameness  in  the  exercises  was  almost  unavoidable.  But  it  is 
hoped  that  whatever  drawbacks  result  from  confining  them  to 

1  Cf.  Gesenius,  Kautzsch-Cowley,  ed.  1910,  n.  10,  d  ;  n.  46,  d. 


/ 


iv  PREFACE 

SO  narrow  a  range  will  be  more  than  compensated  for  by  the 
advantages  gained.  For  after  the  elements  have  been  mastered 
by  their  aid  and  the  selections  themselves  have  been  studied,  the 
student  will  be  in  possession  of  a  considerable  vocabulary,  will 
be  familiar  with  the  more  regular  forms  of  the  Hebrew  sentence 
and  so  will  find  himself  fairly  well  equipped  to  proceed  with  the 
ordinary  aids  to  do  his  part  "  lest  that  precious  heavenly  treas- 
ure of  sacred  books  which  the  Holy  Ghost  has  so  munificently 
bestowed  upon  men  lie  neglected."  ^ 

1  Cone.  Trid.,  Sess.  V. 

Woodstock  College, 
February  2,  1918. 


CONTENTS 


Alphabet       

Vowels.     Vowel  letters,  Masoretic  points,  Full  and  defective  writing 
Shewa.     Silent,  Vocal.     Dagesh.     Forte,  Lene    . 
WoKD  ACCENT.     SYLLABLES.     Open,  Closcd :  Metheg 

COIXCIDENCE    OF    DIFFERENT    POINTS 

Verbs.     Inflection,  Preformatives,  Afformatives    . 
Verb  Forms.     Names  and  meaning 

NiPHAL 

Nouns.     Gender,  Number,  States  .... 

PlEL,    PUAL,    HiTHPAEL 

Relations  of  nouns.     Inseparable  prepositions.     Article 
Pronouns.     Personal,  Demonstrative,  Relative,  Interrogative 

HiPHIL.       HOPHAL 

Simple  verb  ;   Summary 

Metathesis  of  sibilants.  Assimilation  of  dentals,  Shortened  and 

lengthened  forms.  Consecutive  1,  Intransitive  verbs  in  _  and  .l. 

Guttural  letters.     Mappik  :  Furtive  Pathah  :  Article  with  guttural 

Guttural  verbs  :  7  guttural  verb 

Vowel  changes.      Unchangeable  and  Changeable  vowels  :  Makkeph  . 

■JJ  guttural  verb 

New  Syllables.  Shewa  before  Shewa.  Interrogative  particle  H : 
Pretonic  Kames 

S  guttural  verb 

Kere  and  Ketihb  :    Yahwe  ......... 

Verbs  with  weak  radicals 

J<S  verb 

KS  verb,  nS  verb 


pAas 

1 

2 

5 

6 

7 

8 

11 

12 

13 

15 

18 

20 

22 

25 


27 
29 
30 
31 

32 
34 
35 
35 
36 
37 


Vi  CONTENTS 

PA«B 

Assimilation  avj>  omission  of  letters 38 

pverb 39 

^^verb 41 

13?  and  •':;  verb 42 

ifiverb 43 

Punctuation  :  Pause 44 

Nouns  with  pronominal  suffixes 45 

First  class,  with  unchangeable  vowels 46 

Second  class,  with  changeable  vowels 48 

Third  class,  Participles  :  Fourth  class,  Segolates     ....  51 

Fifth  class.  Defective  Segolates 65 

Verbs  with  pronominal  suffixes 56 

Prepositions  and  Adverbs  with  pronominal  suffixes     ...  58 

Numerals.     Cardinals,  ordinals 59 

Paradigms  of  verbs 62 

Selections  for  reading 89 

Hebrew  Word  List      . .  99 

English  Word  List 107 

Index 109 

Rules  of  syntax: 

Kinds  of  sentences :   Order  of  words:  Attributive  and  predicate 

adjectives  :  Use  of  article 19 

Use  of  pronouns 22 

Comparison  of  adjectives 40 

Use  of  relative 68 


ACCIDENCE  OF  HEBREW   GRAMMAR 


ALPHABET 

X 

Aleph 

H  silent 

n  a 

Mem 

M 

a 

Beth 

B 

I  2 

D 

Nun 

N 

: 

Gimel 

G 

Samek 

S 

1 

Daleth 

D 

S 

Ayin 

H  silent 

n 

He 

H 

•n  e 

Pe 

P 

1 

Waw 

W 

r  if 

Sade 

Shard 

1 

Zayin 

Z 

Koph 

K 

n 

Heth 

H| 

^ttural 

Resh 

R 

D 

Teth 

T 

■^ 

Sin 

S 

1 

Yod 

Y 

t 

Shin 

Sh 

3 

Kaph 
Lamed 

K 
L 

n 

Taw 

T 

1.  All  these  letters  are  consonants  and  are  read  from  right  to 
left. 

*1    D    ?    ^   r  ^^^  final. 

^  with  a  dot  over  the  right  arm  is  sh ;  with  the  dot  over  the 
left  arm  it  is  s. 

3  J  *^  ^  g  f]  with  a  dot  in  them  are  pronounced  as  in 
English ;  without  this  dot  they  are  aspirated.  These  six  letters 
make  up  the  mnemonic  word  BeGaDKePheTh. 


2  VOWELS 

EXERCISE 

ns  fb  nn  "h  m  sj  p  ti  na  dj  sx 

pjs  ns  n'u7  n^  "ija  pn  no  ns  f  s 

■!ix'?a  tt^Ki  ^^v  bn  nno  n^s  ma  |s:j  ti.p 
bxiau^  nbtyn^  mpa  -lania  asti^a 

Note.  — In  the  five  following  exercises  letters  underlined  are  to  be  trans- 
literated by  a  single  character. 

brk  sm  npsh  gm  zh  dr  mdbr  shm  ph  kn  lir  yd  krn  bn 
mlk  Ihin  Ik  bth  zwb  mdyn  rgl  pry  gbr  gwy  dwd  yrd  nbl 
ywm   mym   pig 

VOWELS 

2.  As  long  as  Hebrew  was  a  spoken  language  there  was  no 
regular  method  of  representing  the  vowels.  The  pronunciation 
of  a  given  word  had  to  be  known  from  the  context  or  from  tradi- 
tion.    Thus  *n3T  could  stand  for  dabar,  dober,  dibber^  etc. 

Vowel  Letters 
The    long  vowels  —  always    sounded   as   in   Latin  —  could  be 
vaguely  indicated  by  the  weak  consonants,  S   H   1   "^  • 

X  =  «,  e,  1,0.  )  =  0,  u. 

^  =  a,  e,  0.  ^  =  e,  i. 

The  vowels  thus  vaguely  indicated  by  a  consonant  are  called 
the  cognate  vowels  of  that  consonant. 

EXERCISE 

ns  ns)  aia  xb  S3  di3  nis  t^a  nx  nn  n^^ 

bMit  nnin  n^:  nn  nbv  d)d  hdo  r^)^  t:;  'f2 
bss^a  DTtt^  Knp  ^na  ^Dia^  mn^  n^n  jjaip 


MASORETIC  POINTS 


3 


lo  pe  dwid  ruth  dob  shaul  din  lun  gur  bruk  mi  hrim 
na   sum   ythro   muth   mshe   rosh 

Masoretic  Points 

3.  To  preserve  the  correct  traditional  pronunciation  a  system 
of  points  was  invented  about  the  eighth  century.  This  system 
is  called  masora,  meaning  tradition  or  teaching.  The  inventors 
are  called  masoretes,  and  the  points,  masoretic  points. 


Long  Vowels 

kames 

a 

» 

md 

sere 

6 

tt 

me 

hirek  gadol 

i 

a 

ml 

holem 

6 

b 

mo 

shurek 

a 

itt 

mu 

Short  Vowels 

pathah 

& 

e 

md 

segol 

6 

IP 

me 

hirek  katon 

I 

» 

ml 

kames  hatuph 

6 

» 

mo 

kibbus 

a 

a 

mu 

Obscure  Vowels 

simple  shewa 

6 

» 

me 

compound  shewa 

hateph  pathah 

a 

'5 

md 

hateph  segol 

e 

e 

me 

hateph  kames 

6 

» 

mo 

4  FULL  AKD  DEFECTIVE   WRITING 

EXERCISE 

ntt^  nx  ■!|-i.'^  -i5?3  ]p]  nns  ^5X  "it??x  nn^n 
j'pB  "^i;:!  ni»  nitt  ns"!  vx  ^77^  'jna  nT  j'an 


T       :  T  T 


labash  halal  dabar  r6g6l  bashar  yarad  yored  dgrSk  barak 
naphal  koben  muth  dor  maw6th  balak  gadol  p6l6g  laham 
dawid   min   mayim 

Full  and  Defective  Wfcittng 

4.  Wherever  the  masoretes  found  one  of  the  weak  consonants 
(n.  2)  standing  for  a  vowel,  they  allowed  it  to  remain  in  the  text 
and  indicated  its  exact  value  by  adding  the  appropriate  vowel 
point.  Thus,  for  example,  the  different  values  of  J^  are  indi- 
cated:  Ji{3  bay  he  went;  Siftt  mose,  finding ;  ^^  lo,not;  XSV 
yosi,  he  sends.  The  consonant  so  remaining  is  said  to  quiesce  in 
its  cognate  vowel  (n.  2).  When  a  long  vowel  is  thus  indicated  by 
a  quiescent  consonant  and  a  vowel  point,  it  is  said  to  be  written 
fully ;  when  indicated  by  a  point  only,  it  is  said  to  be  written 
defectively.     In   T'^'^  Daivid,  David,  the  ^     is  written  defec- 

•      T  T 

tively;  the  *^__  is  written  fully. 

Completed  Vowel  System 
long  short  obscure 

Wbitten  Fully        Written  Defkotivblt 

A   s_  n_         _ _...._ 

T  T  T  -  t 

V 

I      V  (S^)  ^ _ 

oxrii  - _...._ 

T  t: 

U      1  - 


SHEWA.  DAGESH  5 

EXERCISE 

tt7xi  1^9  "pn^  Kit',  nil  nv  iss  nbr^  ty-'X  p]i9 
obis  nt:^^^  riK-i  "^in  an  d^o  niD  t'ii  lis? 
hHD^K)  oTibK  nn^s  ^osos  onsj  npsi:  njno 

D^oty  "^iKty  2tv 

•     -     T  T 

V 

zub  kidon  yom  Shaul  Elohim  taw6k  shamayim  Dawid 
sham   shem   rosh   yosheb 

SHEWA 

5.  The  sign  shewa  _  is  placed  under  a  letter  that  has  no  vowel. 
At  the  beginning  of  a  syllable  it  is  called  vocal  shewa  and  denotes 
a  slight  emission  of  the  breath,  like  e  in  competition;  fp  in 
DnbtOp  ketaltem,  ye  have  killed. 

Silent  shewa  marks  the  end  of  a  syllable ;  "^  in  the  above  word. 

Silent  shewa  is  not  used  at  the  end  of  a  word  ;  2S  ^*^>  father. 
But  it  is  used  in  *?[  to  distinguish  it  from  ? ;  ^7©  melek,  king. 
When  a  word  ends  in  two  consonants,  silent  shewa  is  used  with 
both;   p)^{2p  katalt,  you  killed. 

Shewa,  whether  silent  or  vocal,  is  called  simple  shewa.  Com- 
pound shewa  is  made  up  of  one  of  the  short  vowels  and  a  simple 
shewa ;  it  is  used  mostly  in  connection  with  the  gutturals  Ji{   J^ 

n  ». 

DAGESH 

6.  Dagesh  is  a  dot  placed  in  a  letter.  Dagesh  lene  removes 
the  aspiration  from  3  Jl  T  D  B  fl  (begad kepheth,  n.  1) ;  ^ 
in  ribtOp  •  Dagesh  forte  doubles  any  letter  in  which  it  is  placed ; 
•pt^P  kittely  he  slew. 


6  WORD  ACCENT.     SYLLABLES 

Dagesh  in  ^  3  T  3  B  D  ^^^^  °o  vowel  preceding  is  dagesh 
lene:  HB  P^^  mouth;  preceded  by  a  vowel  it  is  dagesh  forte: 
j^plX  atta^you;   ^S3  naphal,  he  fell ;   ^B|i  yippol,  he  lies. 

EXERCISE 

^nn   niaa   ntpri:^  annni*   ^^^   ^i^  ^51 

^ntybs  nana  nnsn  tr^^a^^.  t?ab   nab   ^b? 

prjr  |Tns 

gadol  gibbor  hinne  midbar  Abraham  shaphat  mishpat 
Pellshti   k6l6b   Yithro  Perizzi   taw6k    mlttok    labashta    talbish 

WOED   ACCENT 

7.   Most  words  are  accented  on  the  last  syllable.     Some,  like 
f^  and  certain  parts  of  the  verb,  are  accented  on  the  penult. 


SYLLABLES 

8.  A  syllable  regularly  begins  with  a  consonant.     If  it  begins 
with  two  consonants,  the  first  has  a  vocal  shewa;    QripDp 

ketaltem. 

But  the  conjunction  1  and,  which  is  always  joined  to  the  next 

word,  becomes  ^  before  h  ^  B  and  before  words  beginning  with 
a  vocal  shewa;  'rhf2^  ^^^^^^  (^^^  "^^^V'  """^  ^^^  ^"'^^' 
a^nai  uUrub  (for  a^nai)'  «^^  ^^^  cherub. 

9.  An  open  syllable  is  one  that  ends  in  a  vowel ;  p  in  ^ttp 
katal,  he  killed;  ^y  U,  to  me. 

A  closed  syllable  is  one  that  ends  in  a  consonant ;   ^^  in  the 
above  word. 


SYLLABLES.     COINCIDENCE   OF  POINTS  7 

An  unaccented  open  syllable  usually  has  a  long  vowel.  There- 
fore _  in  ^^p  is  kames. 

An  unaccented  closed  syllable  has  a  short  vowel.  Therefore  _ 
in  ^50 pn  ^oktaly  he  was  put  to  death,  is  kames  hatuph.  Like- 
wise _   in  ^JJp  kittel,  he  slew,  is  hirek  katon. 

An  accented  sj^lable  whether  open  or  closed  may  have  a  long 
or  short  vowel ;  ^]^  in  ^JOp)  ^B  i^  StSp- 

10.  To  show  that  a  syllable  is  open  the  sign  metheg  _  is 
placed  under  the  letter ;  H  7J?p  katela,  she  killed.  Metheg  there- 
fore usually  shows  that  the  vowel  is  long  and  that  the  following 
shewa  is  vocal;   H^^^X  oJcela,  she  ate;   nbSS   okla,  food. 

T     :    |T  T    :    T 

EXERCISE 

Transliterate  into  English :  give  the  name  and  value  of  each 
masoretic  point;  note  the  open  and  closed  syllables  and  assign 
the  reason. 

nriK  bw^  rh%  ^in  bi^p  Sap  iisa  n^n 

I  T  I"  |t:-  "t:-  t-  tt:- 

^b^6|pn  btoj-pn  ^n?  ^^^^^^  "^^^{^^  ^''^tpp  T^'1^ 

COINCIDENCE   OF  DIEFEKENT   POINTS 

11.  a.  At  times  the  diacritical  point  of  1J}  coincides  with  :_  . 
\y    is    o-sh   when   the   preceding   letter   has  no  other  vowel ; 

nty^  Moshe,  Moses. 

\y  is  so  when  it  begins  a  syllable  and  has  no  other  vowel; 
KOtt?   sone,  hating. 


8 


VERBS 


'^  is  sho  wlien  it  begins  a  syllable  and  has  no  otber  vowel ; 
*n^^  shomer,  guard.  It  is  o-s  wben  it  is  in  the  middle  of  a 
word  and  is  followed  by  a  vowel ;  nty*?  ^^^>  ^^^^-  ^^  is  os  at 
the  end  of  a  word  or  syllable ;  tySPl  tephos,  hold. 

b.  ']  is  wo  when  a  vowel  precedes ;  7'iJJ  awon,  wicA;c(ine««.  It 
is  o-w  when  a  vowel  follows  ;   HIt)  ^ot^c,  cleavitig. 

c.  ^  with  a  vowel  preceding  and  following  ia  *\  with  dagesh 
forte,  otherwise  it  is  shurek ;  "^^JJ  iwwer,  blind;  "^^5?  *^>  awafc*. 


Inpinitivb 


VERBS 

12.  Verbs  are  inflected  mainly  by  the  addition  of  syllables  at 
the  beginning  or  end  of  the  root.  Those  at  the  beginning  are 
called  preformatives ;  those  at  the  end,  afformatives. 

There  are  five  parts  :  perfect,  imperfect,  infinitive,  imperative, 
participle. 

^gp  h€  killed 
Pbrfbct 
sg.  3  m.  T^lDp    ka-tal' 

3f.  nbtOD    ka-tela' 

T      :    |,T 

2  m.        nb^5    ka-tal'-ta 

T    :     -  |t 

2f.  Ph^p    ka-talt' 

1  ^Ph^p    ka-tal'-ti 

pi.  3  ibfiP    ka-telu' 


construct 
absolute 


sg.  2  m. 
2f. 


2  m.     Ori^^p    ketal-tem'     pi.  2  m. 


2f. 
1 


l7top    ketal-ten' 


2f. 


^j^P    ketol 
b'llDp    ka-tol' 


Impekativb 

hbp  ketol 

"h^P  kit-li' 

l^top  kit-lu' 

nj^lDp  k§tol'-na 


VERBS 
Imperfect 


8g.  3  m. 

htp'   yik-tol' 

pi.  3  m.        ibiPp^    yik-telu' 

3f. 

btepn  tik-toi' 

3f.    njbtOpri    tik-tol'-na 

T     .              1  •        ■ 

2in. 

^bpn  tik-tor 

2  m.       I^Dpri    tik-telu' 

2f. 

i^JOpn    tik-teli' 

2f-     nobtSpn    tik-tol'-na 

1 

bbpS    ek-tol' 

T   .             1  , 

1                hbpi    nik-tol' 

Participle 
active        bijp     ko-tel' 
passiye     ^IJOp     ka-tul' 


Afformatitbs 

pf.    sg.  3  f.     n_ 

2  m.       ri 

T 

2f.        I^ 

1      ^n 

pi.  3  1 

2  m.    nil 
2f.       |p 

1  « 

Impf.  3g.  2  f.  "i_^ 

pi.  3  m.         ?) 

2,  3  f.  nj 


Prbformatitbs 

Impf.  sg.  3  m. 

«^ 

3f. 

n 

2  m. 

n 

2t 

n 

1 

K 

pi.  3  m. 

^ 

3f. 

n 

2  m. 

n 

2f. 

n 

1 

1 

10  VERBS 


Perfect 


13.  The  simplest  form  is  3  singular  masculine.  It  is  there- 
fore placed  first. 

Only  afformatives  are  used. 

The  vowel  afformatives  [^_  and  ^  change  the  preceding  vowel 
to  vocal  shewa. 

The  consonant  afformatives  Qf]  and  1p\  change  the  _  of  the 
first  radical  to  vocal  shewa. 

The  accent  is  on  the  penult  in  2  singular  masculine  and 
1  singular  and  plural. 

Infinitive,  Imperative,  Imperfect 

14.  The  construct  infinitive  is  usually  the  base  of  the  impera- 
tive and  imperfect. 

In  the  imperative  only  afformatives  are  used. 

In  the  imperfect  both  preformatives  and  afformatives  are  used. 

The  vowel  afformatives  "^^  and  ^  change  the  preceding  vowel 
to  shewa. 

The  parts  with  the  afformative  J^J  have  the  accent  on  the 
penult. 

EXERCISE 

nbipi;^   ^bap   ibtpp   biap   Vitop  b^p   bap 

•^nbtop  btp:  ™btopn  ^jbep  ]f)b^\? 

nsij  ms-i  ns^n  nar  nnaa  n32 

:  •  :  -  T  :    :    •  :    :  •         :       :  -  t  :  |T 

QFish^  ntib^  ffibtyx  labirn  ^sht'  is'^ty 

•••:-:  T   :  :  I        :      v  :       :      •  :      :     •  :     |T 

They  killed.  She  killed.  You  (sg.  m.)  killed.  We  were  kill- 
ing. You  (f.  pi.)  were  killing.  I  was  killing.  I  killed.  She  was 
killing.  He  was  killing.  You  (sg.  f.)  killed.  You  (pi.  m.)  were  kill- 
ing. We  killed.  They  killed.  We  were  great.  He  has  been  great. 
They  were  great.  You  (sg.  f.)  are  great.  I  drew.  I  was  drawing. 
Draw.     To  draw.     They  drew.     You  (pi.  m.)  drew. 


VERB   FORMS  11 

VERB   FORMS 

15.  By  regular  modifications  of  the  root  a  series  of  forms  is 
derived   expressing   the   passive,  intensive,  causative,   reflexive. 

The  model  verb  used  by  the  old  grammarians  was  ^5?B  paal,  he 
worked.  The  derived  forms  of  ^^Q  are :  ^S£3  niphal,  pas- 
sive ;  ^5?B  piel,  intensive  active  ;  ^SS  pual,  intensive  passive ; 
b^SSn  hiphil,  causative  active ;  ^SSH  hophal,  causative  pas- 
sive; ^ySnn  hithpaely  le^Q^iYQ. 

These  derived  forms  of  the  verb  ^S3  ^^^  ^^ed  to  designate 
the  corresponding  forms  of  any  verb.  The  simplest  form  of  a 
verb,  that  corresponding  to  ^|SS  itself,  is  called  the  kal  ('^p 

light,  simple)  ;  its  passive  is  called  the  niphal.  The  intensive 
active  is  the  piel;  passive,  the  pual.  The  causative  active  is 
the  hiphil ;  passive,  the  hophal.     The  reflexive  is  the  hithpael. 

The  old  model  verb   ^^g    is  replaced  by  the  simpler  verb 

"PJOS  ^e  killed.    The  paradigm  on  pages  8-9  is  for  the  kal.    Pre- 

formatives,  afformatives,  accent,  and  vowel  change  are  usually 
the  same  in  all  forms. 

16.  Tense  in  Hebrew  means  only  the  stage  of  the  action.  The 
perfect  denotes  complete,  the  imperfect  incomplete,  the  participle 
continued  action.  The  time  of  the  action,  past,  present,  or  future, 
is  to  be  found  in  the  context. 

17.  The  construct  infinitive  is  the  ordinary  infinitive.  It  is  so 
called  because  it  is  construed  with  other  parts  of  speech.  The 
absolute  infinitive  is  used  alone  to  express  the  idea  of  the  verb 
in  an  abstract  way,  or  with  finite  verbs  to  denote  intensity, 
repetition,  or  duration;  *?j'^^r)    ^1^^  V^'^  ^^^^  surely  rule. 


12 


NIPHAL 


NIPHAL 

18.  The  perfect,  the  participle,  and  sometimes  the  absolute 
infinitive,  prefix  J. 

The  construct  infinitive  and  sometimes  the  absolute  prefix  ^ 
and  have  dagesh  forte  in  the  first  radical. 

The  preformative  of    the  imperfect  replaces  the   ^   of  th« 

infinitive. 

"?Dp5  ^^  ^^^  killed 
Perfect  "  h  '  Infinitive 

construct    ^tOSn    hik-ka-tel' 


sg.  3  m. 
3f. 


h^pi  nik-tal' 


nbtpp?  nik-tela' 
2  m.     rib  to  53  nik-tal'-ta 


ribtopj  nik-talt' 
Tib  to  53  nik-tal'-ti 


21 
1 

pi.  3 

2  m.  Dribtop3  nik-tal-tem' 
2f.  tribtopj  nik-tal-ten' 
1  13b to  53  nik-tal'-nu 


lbtop3  nik-telu' 


absolute 


^m. 
f. 


btopH    hik-ka-tol' 
btop3    nik-tol' 

Imperative 

btopn  hik-ka-tel' 
'btopn  Mk-ka-teli' 

•      :  ||T   • 

pi.  m.      ibtopn  hik-ka-telu' 

:   ||T  • 

f.    n3bto5n  hik-ka-ter-na 

T  :      •  I  T   • 


Imperfect 


sg.3m.         btop''  yik-ka-tel' 

3f.        btoSn  tik-ka-tel' 

2  m.       btoSn  tik-ka-tel' 

••  |t   • 

2f.       ''btopn  tik-ka-teli' 

•      :   ||T    • 

1  btoSS  ek-ka-tel' 


pi.  3  m.     ibtoP*'  yik-ka-telu' 

:   j|T   • 

3f.  n3btopri  tik-ka-ter-na 

2  m.   ibtoSn  tik-ka-telu' 

2f.n3btopr)  tik-ka-ter-na 

1  bto53  nik-ka-tel' 


Participle 
b^p3  nik-tal' 


NOUNS.    NUMBER.     GENDER  13 

EXERCISE 

nobttjpn  b^i-jK  ib^p?  ^-"pt^p^  ^^P>  ^^\^>  ^^p) 
-inoj  bDp"  '7t2pn  nbtopj  ibtsp^  I'^i^pn  ibapn 

-    :    •  -It-  ■  |t    •  T   :     -   |:    •  :   |,t  •  :    I  it    •  :  |,t  • 

iriDj  -inon  inDS  nnD"  -inD" 

••      T     ■  ••     T       •  "TV  :      T    •  ••      T    • 

They  were  killed.  You  (sg.  m.)  will  be  killed.  To  be  killed. 
We  shall  be  killed.  She  was  killed.  You  (sg.  m.)  have  been 
concealed.  To  be  concealed.  I  have  been  concealed.  I  am  con- 
cealed. She  is  concealed.  They  are  concealed.  We  have  been 
concealed.     We  are  concealed. 

NOUNS 
Gender  and  Number 

19.  There  are  two  genders:  masculine  and  feminine;  and 
three  numbers  :    singular,  dual,  and  plural. 

The  masculine  singular  has  no  special  ending ;  Q^Q  sus,  horse, 
*n3T  cZa5ar,  word,  ^"l^n**  yehudi,  Jew. 

The  feminine  singular  has  the  ending  j^,  J^  or  none ;  HDID 

T 

susa,  mare,  n^*lin^  yehudiyya,  and  n^^l^H^  yehudith,  Jewess, 
QJ^  em,  mother. 

The  masculine  plural  ends  in  Q"^_  ;  Q^DID  susim,  horses. 
The  feminine  plural  ends  in  ]^"j ;  fllD^D  susoth,  mares. 

The  masculine  dual  ends  in  Q''_  ;  fr0  kaph,  palm,  C^S 
kappdyim,  both  palms. 

The  feminine  dual  ends  in  0*"^—  5  HB^  sapha,  lip,  Q^flB'tt^ 
sephathdyim,  both  lips. 


14  NOUNS.     STATES 

States 

20.  The  subordination  of  one  noun  to  another  is  denoted  by 
placing  them  side  by  side.  The  subordinate  noun  comes  first, 
and  is  said  to  be  construed  with  the  other  or  in  the  construct  state ; 
it  usually  undergoes  some  change ;  *n3^  word,  "^pQ  ^^"'1 
debar  melek,  the  word  of  a  king, 

A  noun  that  is  not  subordinate  to  another  is  in  the  absolute 
state. 

The  regular  way  of  expressing  the  genitive  relation  is  to  place 
the  word  denoting  the  thing  possessed  first  in  the  construct  state, 
^2*^  the  word  of,  with  the  word  denoting  the  possessor  following 

in  the  absolute  state,  ^pfi  the  king. 

Formation  of  the  Construct  State 

21.  If  any  change  takes  place,  it  is  usually  only  in  the  defec- 
tively written  long  vowels,  __  and  __  (n.  4). 

In  the  masculine  singular  these  vowels  become  _.  in  the  last 
syllable  and  _  in  the  first;  1^\  zaken,  old  man;  construct  ?5^ 
zekan. 

In  the  feminine  singular  the  ending  J^_  becomes  J^_ ;  HJtt? 

T  -  T    T 

shana,  year;  construct  J^J^y  shenath. 

In  the  masculine  plural  and  dual  the  endings  Q''__  and  Q^_ 
are  changed  to  '^_  ;   CD  ID  ^^orses;  construct  ''D^D  ^^^^• 

In  the  feminine  plural  the  only  change  is  in  the  vowels  _  or 

T 

__  ;   ri'lO^  shanoth,  years;  construct  fllJtt?  shenoth. 

T  : 

In  the  feminine  dual  the  ending  changes  as  in  the  masculine 
plural ;   D^TlB^I^j  construct  TlBtt^  siphthe. 


NOUNS.     PIEL, 

pu.^x, 

HITHPAEL 

Paradigm 
Masculine 

Feminine 

sg.  abs.         C1D  horse 

HDID  wci^^ 

est.         C^iD 

nmo 

pi.  abs.    U^'0'\U 

niDiD 

est.        ^D-iD 

niDiD 

sg.  abs.       ^3*1  t^^'orci 

T\IV  year 

est.        -13^' 

nji 

pi.  abs.  Dns^ 

n'us^ 

est.      ni^ 

nui^ 

dual  abs.      Q*S3  pa^ms 

DV&p  im 

est.         ^B3 

^naty 

16 


EXERCISE 

tD^ab  r2S^*»  :Tn,  is"!  :bis"^  ann  ja»n'^>$ 
m.in  tp^ia  n.^'s<  :i:^^s  niJt^  :nan'po  njip 

The  word  of  scoffers.  The  horses  of  Saul.  The  oppression  of 
the  Philistine.  The  years  of  Moses.  The  judgment  of  the  just. 
The  law  of  God.     The  sword  of  the  man  of  battle. 

PIEL,   PUAL,   HITHPAEL 

22.  All  these  forms  have  dagesh  forte  in  the  second  radical. 
Piel  and  pual  have  vocal  shewa  under  the  preformatives  of  the 
imperfect. 

In  piel  perfect  the  _.  of  the  second  radical  is  changed  to  _. 
before  consonant  afformatives. 


16 


PIEL,  PUAL,  HITHPAEL 


a? 
o 

=§>. 

*c3 

i^    ^. 

:j      d    ^ 

•d         d 

^ 

p— 1 

1— t        1— ( 

1— 1             r— 1             r— 1 

I— <             >— H 

r-H 

<D 

-1-3 

.2      -)-= 

>^ 

ii        J 

s    >^    ^ 

J             ii 

-2 

rd 

."^ 

^      ^ 

4i 

4i           ^ 

^    ^    ^ 

^             ^ 

^ 

■4^ 

c3 

^ 

4  4 

cS         Cq         c3 

risi            pi*)            r^ 

pf  4 

4 

Qj 

P. 

f^        rd 

rCl 

,d     P^ 

rd            rd            rl^ 

pd     Pd 

Ji 

"^ 

B 

^        ^ 

+3 

+3      q3 

+3           -jJ          3 

^3       -j^ 

+3 

■«  13 

'o 

'r^ 

• 

^ 

^      ^ 

^     ^     i-d 

^       i^ 

Id 

1 

i 

13 

n 

n  n 

n  n  n 

n  n 

n 

P^ 

a 

> 

g     C" 

c; 

c  c; 

c  r;  c; 

c;  1:; 

c; 

1 

h- 1 

'i 

^     f^ 

.r^ 

.nLO. 

.r^L^nL  r^ 

.  IX  0. 

nL 

. 

a 

w    ^= 

o 

v^'     ^' 

v^.     ^      ^' 

^,  v^» 

^ 

^•^ 

J-- 

o 

S  J^  J^H,J\..J^..J^..J^  J^••J^..J^.. 

j^ 

M 

Ph 

n 

n 

&  G 

c  -^  n; 

fT".      ** 

§■ 

Id 

® 

a 

2 

^ 

'« 

Ph 

1 

^ 

^ 

1- 

25 

3  2. 

:^  -d  1 

1    1 

p— H             p-H 

Xi 

*. 

i 

'ta 

1^  ii 

>^ 

J   ^ 

3   S   3 

^             i§ 

^ 

3 

d 

iS 

rS        -^^ 

^ 

^           4i 

^    ^    J. 

4i>           4i 

4i 

4i 

c3 

s^ 

^     d 

d 

d      d 

0    0    0 

d      d 

d 

d 

li 

a> 

05       -^ 

^ 

pi^     ,14 

r^             ^             M 

pisi        piil 

ri4 

piej 

1 

1 

o 

$-1 

0) 
Pi 

i  nn 

[fl: 

if^r^:: 

■.f^fllfl. 

ifii- rk 

:   n. 

irk 

-S 

a 

s  ^' 

^ 

v^.    ^ 

v^»     ^      ^' 

^  v^. 

^' 

^ 

QJ 

'S 

^.J^  .J^H  J^  J^  ^  J^  .J^  J^  ^x^ 

,J^  .J^ 

1 

n 

&  e 

G    '^    C 

glp 

.^ 

^ 

<D 

Ph 

1 

1. 

-d 

•g 

1 

p 

% 

^ 

J   3 

^3 

S    ^ 

1, 

a 

a 
1 

t    - 

i 

:^'    "d    -? 

3   S   3 

1   3 

^ 

s 

1 

'2 

1 

OJ 

2 

c3 

^    ^ 

-^i 

■s    -t^ 

4i.           4I.           4. 

.4i           ^ 

"^ 

ii 

§ 

CO 

•r-l 

Ph 

1     ^ 

^ 

'm   '^ 

'^          '^          '^ 

13          13 

pS 

CO 

1 

li 

^ 

Ph 

1     ^ 

HL 

riini 

r^f^fx. 

nif^ 

.  nL 

.fX. 

-4-3 

o 

^ 

^ 

^^    ^: 

^ 

v^.   ^. 

v^'  ^  a' 

^' v^' 

^ 

^ 

d 

.2 

:g 

*o 

^  j^  j^hjt..  j^..,j\..  j^  jr\"  j^".-n-. 

^  ^ 

H 

4^ 

>-^ 

'■^ 

M 

n 

&  m 

e  '^  £; 

c  5? 

<JJ 

CO 

^ 

rO 

i 

a 

* 

H 

^ 

ta 

^V. 

Ph 

H 

> 

^ 

5 

pd 

•iH 

'Ph 

1  a 

CO 

d           <+-H 

a 

rH        CO        C^ 

CM 

C^        rH 

1 

"S 

2 

(SS" 

'P< 

PIEL,  PUAL,  HITHPAEL  17 


^  i^  ^  X.  X, 

<3j  >a)  >aj  a>  a? 

-^  -4^  -M  .4^  -4^ 

^  4i  ^  ^  ^ 

c^  c3  c^  c^  cd 

M  M  M  M  M 

^  ^  ^  Jj  Ji 


«3 

ei 

1 

V 

2 

s 

's 

S 

1 

^9 

2 

s 

3 

^ 

! 

4 

^ 

J 

^ 

J 

1 

4 

Ji 

^ 

^ 

ji 

:g 

^ 

Jz 

r5 

^ 
-<-> 

^      ng      ^      ^ 


n  n  n  n  j-  c  g  c  5c  f-  e  e  r;  p  u 

r;  c;  c;  i:;  n  c;  c  i:;  r;  i%  c  r;  c;  }=^  c 

fli       a       ^    V^  j<       ^:      ^:      ^       ^       }<    V^       ^    V^       fJ       a: 

J^  J^  J^  J^  --■     J^  J^  .J^  J^  -i-  JT  J^  J^  *-■     J^ 


^     ^     ^     A     -^     ^     ^     ^     4^     -^     ^ 


^g'    ;S    >©    ;5    ^    >£   >'S    >S    ;S    >2     § 


^  r^  rk  r^  r^  k:  ri:  n:::  ri:  Sr  ri 
-^   j^  J^  J^.  j^  -i-  j^  j^  j~^  -"^  ^ 


ce 

^ 

^ 

^^ 

^ 

fl 

3 

-^i 

<x> 

>a:i 

>aj 

OJ 

-•J 

■^ 

-^ 

-M 

^ 

^ 

4i 

■M 

4i 

ce 

c3 

ce 

c5 

>a) 

^ 

^ 

^ 

^ 

>~i 

a» 

CI) 

>(V 

-4^ 

-M 

^i 

^ 

4i 

ci 

<A 

rt 

M 

^ 

^ 

>3J 

>!) 

>u 

n 

ee 

o3 

1 

1 
>a) 

>:3 

>% 

4^ 

+3 

-•-:> 

Pi 

4i 

r^  n^  hl  nL  jk;  g  e  g  x-  j^;  g  g  g  p.  n 
JT^  j^  j^  j^    p;  ^  la  ^  ^  fj  v^   <ii  va  K  ^ 

g  .       I  .         .  .   ^    .   n        3 

a  ^  3-  5  ^  -^  ^ 


18        RELATIONS  OF  NOUNS.  THE  ARTICLE 

EXERCISE 

c^^x  ^im   tnsp    {^3^33  nis-istt  ^k-j^^  -i|p 

••  -    :     •  •         v:  V    v:  T   :  |T  •     :      •      :  t    t    :      • 

•     T  T     T       :        •  •  V  T  T  V  •     T 

Saul  (was)  a  man  of  battle.  The  truth  of  God  is  strong. 
David  delivered  over  a  man  of  battle.  The  armies  of  Saul  will 
be  delivered  over.  The  armies  of  Israel  behaved  bravely. 
David  did  not  boast.     Moses  (was)  a  servant  of  Jethro. 

KELATIONS   OF  NOUNS 

23.  The  definite  object  is  usually  preceded  by  the  particle  f^^ . 
Other  relations  are  denoted  by  prepositions  ;  ^^1*^  ^K  el  Dawid, 
to  David. 

The  prepositions  3  by,   in,  and   ^   to,  for,   are   inseparable; 

^3^3  bedabar,  by  a  word. 

T      T  : 

The  term  of  motion  is  sometimes  denoted  by  the  suffix  J^_  ; 
< .  <  ^ 

f^3*nn  horeba,  to  Horeb ;  H^'HK  (^''I'^sa,  to  the  earth. 

t      •'  T      :|T 

THE   ARTICLE 

24.  The  article  ,*]  is  always  joined  to  its  substantive.  It  is 
usually  followed  by  _  with  dagesh  forte  in  the  next  letter  ;  ^p^n 
hammelek,  the  king. 

When  the  article  is  preceded  by  the  inseparable  prepositions, 
the  ^  is  dropped  and  its  vowel  takes  the  place  of  the  _  of  the 

preposition;    Q^^ti^S    bashshamdyim  (for    D^^tyHS)?  *^^   '^^^ 

heavens;  Xr\dh  lakkohen  (for  jnsnb),/^^**  the  priest. 


RELATIONS  OF  NOUNS.  THE  ARTICLE         19 

EXERCISE 

Syntax.  —  R.  1.  There  are  two  kinds  of  .sentences  :  substantive  sentences, 
in  which  the  subject  and  predicate  are  substantives  united  by  the  verb  to  be; 
verbal  sentences,  in  which  the  predicate  is  a  verb. 

R.  2.  Order  of  words  :  In  a  substantive  sentence  the  subject  usually 
comes  first.     The  verb  to  be  is  often  omitted  ;  fT'SS  Utt  Goliath  was  dead. 

-  :  T 

In  a  verbal  sentence  the  verb  usually  comes  first,  next  the  subject,  then 
the  direct  and  indirect  object ;   HtTD  h^  DTISj^  "^ttX  (^od  said  to  Moses 

V  ••  •         t:  -    T 

tTK-i  nx  mna  in  nhs"  tain  m^  fh'j^ 
:-iS3  rs-i  b^  snip  ns  h^'nv  ]n:    rn-^'bsi 

T      :    • 

The  Philistine  drew  the  sword.  The  shepherd  drove  the  flock 
into  the  desert  of  Madian.  David  was  a  shepherd  in  the  desert. 
The  youth  gave  the  sword  of  the  Philistine  to  Saul.  Saul  put  a 
helmet  on  the  head  of  the  youth.     ^Moses  was  a  youth  in  Madian. 

EXERCISE 

Syntax.  —  R.  3.  An  attributive  adjective  comes  after  its  noun  ;  it  has  the 
article  when  the  noun  has  it ;  SlSn   \"'^''S£n   the  great  Philistine. 

R.  4.  A  predicate  adjective  does  not  take  the  article  ;  "li^SH  n^  the 
champion  was  dead. 

R.  5.  A  noun  in  the  construct  state  does  not  take  the  article.  If  the 
article  is  needed,  it  goes  with  the  noun  that  follows  in  the  absolute  state  ; 
*nS!2n   ^^1   t^^  ^ord  of  the  king. 

n:rit^  -i;b  tnixri  'rhv:.  era  anps  b^nt  bvi, 
fix  cn>'tt3  nt"  Sx-it"^  c'j  :rs3  bs^  '???3n 
nn  T?  b'i:ri  '^\tb^r}  n'ribn  -i?p;   tnaiD 


20 


PRONOUNS.     PERSONAL 


The  champion  of  the  Philistines  approached  the  camp  of  Israel. 
The  land  of  Egypt  (was)  good.  David  said  to  Saul,  "  God  has 
delivered  the  mighty  Philistine  into  the  hand  of  a  youth."  The 
truth  of  the  God  of  Israel  is  unto  everlasting. 

PRONOUNS 
Personal 
25.   Personal  pronouns  are  separate  words  only  when  they  are 
used  as  subjects.     In  other  relations  they  appear  in  shorter  form 
as  suffixes  to  the  particle  or  word  on  which  they  depend. 

Subject  Object  by,  in  to,  for         from 


8g.l 

2  m. 
2f. 

3  m. 
3f. 

pl.l 

2  m. 

2f. 

3  m. 

3f. 


p53X 
1   '58 

T      - 

m 
sin 

f  ^3ri5S 

1  i3ri; 

ops 

|ns 
njns 

T    ••     - 

on 


■jjris 

ins 
nni< 


'5 

13 


naa 


uns 

133 

05ns 

033 

(pr^^) 

P3 

ons 

D3 

(anns) 

loo? 

qns) 

«»tii**^ 

^  T    V      T 

D3[l0'p,D,'1^ 

(I  H^l 


103 


1^:5    i4)? 

yh    i3aa 
D3a 


nsnb 


ana 


I0» 


PRONOUNS.    DEMONSTRATIVE,  RELATIVE,  INTERROGATIVE      21 

EXERCISE 

nnsi  K^n  nsh    int^nbt^  t'H  Kim  nnx  ns3 

T-:  V  tt:-  :  t- 

T  :     •  V  V  •     T  I  -      T  •    -      T       - 

2nnn  "piK  •n'ps:   tsj'pp  Tib  n^jri  lb   tn.^'pa 

nssp 

A  man  of  battle  (is)  he  and  you  (are)  a  shepherd.  They  have 
the  spear,  you  (pi.)  have  the  sword,  and  we  have  the  Name  of  the 
God  of  Israel  (say  to  them,  etc.).  You  snatched  the  spear  from 
him.  You  have  the  sword  and  the  spear;  the  king  gave  them 
to  you ;  slay  the  Philistines  with  them. 

Dkmonitrjltivb 

26.       ig.  m.    ri]  1 ,  pi-  n bs  ^^••s 

rithis  ^ 

f.   nsil 

Kelative 

27.  The  particle  *^tt?S  serves  as  a  relative  pronoun.  Another 
form  is  ^  joined  to  the  next  word  and  usually  followed  by  _ 
and  dagesh  forte  ;  *l*1^ty  sheyyored,  who  is  descending. 

Interrogative 

28.  The  interrogative  pronouns  are  ^f2  ^^^  persons  and  ^f2 

T 

for  things.  ^f2  is  often  joined  to  the  next  word  by  the  sign 
makkeph  "  and  a  dagesh,  called  conjunctive  dagesh;  Ht^n^ 
mazze,  whcU  u  this  f 


22  VERB.     HIPHIL,  HOPHAL 

At  times  ^  is  dropped  and  the  f^  is  joined  to  the  next  word 
like  the  article ;  H'Ttt  ^^^^  *s  this  ? 

^0  )  Htt  J  HtyS  >  ty  ^^®  ^Is^  ^sed  as  indefinite  pronouns. 

T  V    -: 

EXERCISE 

Syntax.  —  R.  6.  The  demonstrative  as  an  adjective  may  take  the  article 
when  its  noun  does  ;  H-],"!   O'lTl  i^i^  day. 

R.  7.  The  interrogative  and  relative  pronouns  come  before  the  verb  or 
predicate;  IIH'^S  ItTi^    \)k^T]  the  flock  ivhich  belonged  to  Jethro. 

■'Six    tnnx  ^^2    tiantes  ink  nty»  jto  inn'''? 

T  T     -  •  T      :    •    -  V  -   T  :  •  : 

tsin  rn»  ins  inn^  ^xn'ty^  '!t':io  'r'isty':'  mv 

I  T    :   •       I  ••  :  •  ••      T   :     •         )  v    v  t     :  v   v 

:i'i 

Who  (are)  these?  These  are  Philistines  whom  God  will 
deliver  into  the  hand  of  Israel  this  day.  Who  is  that  youth  ? 
That  is  David  who  slew  the  champion  of  the  Philistines. 
What  is  that  in  the  hand  of  David?  With  that  sling  he  slew 
Goliath. 

HIPHIL,   HOPHAL 

29.  The  *'_  of  hiphil  is  changed  to  _  before  the  consonant 
afformatives  of  the  perfect,  and  to  _  before  ^^  of  the  impera- 
tive  and  imperfect.  Before  all  vowel  afformatives  it  remains 
unchanged  and  its  syllable  has  the  accent. 

The  first  vowel  __  is  changed  to  _  in  the  infinitive  and  its 
derivatives. 

The  first  vowel  of  hophal  is  6  (nn.  9,  10). 


VERB.     HIPHIL 


28 


HIPHIL 
^"•tOpn  ^^  caused  to  kill 


Perfect 
8g.  3  m.        b^lppn   liik-til' 
3f.      n^^tjpn   Mk-ti'-la 


Infinitive 
est.       h"']^pr[   liak-til' 
abs.      ^''JOpn   liak-tel' 


2  m.      flbi^Dn   bik-tal'-ta 

T    :     -  |:     • 

1 


Imperative 


■^ri^Dpn   hik-tal'-ti  sg.     m.       btPpH  liak-tel' 

pi.  3           ib'ppn   bik-ti'-lu  f.      'h'^^p^  hak-ti'-li 

2  m.  Dri^Ppn   bik-tal-tem'  pi.     m.    ^b^ippH  tak-ti'-lu 

2f.      jribippn   tik-tal-ten'  f.    n^bttpH  bak-tel'-na 
1           libl^pn   tik-tal'-nu 


Imperfect 


Sg.  3  m. 
3f. 
2  m. 
2f. 
1 


b'^ap'^   yak-til'  pi.  3  m.      ^'^^Ty^   yak-ti'-lu 


1 

b^tPpn  tak-til' 

b^tPpri  tak-til' 

^b'^ppri  tak-ti'-li 

b-^BpS  ak-til' 


3f.    nj^DDO  tak-tel'-na 

T  :     ••  I  :    - 

2  m.    ib^'ppri  tak-ti'-lu 

2  f-    n^bl^Pn  tak-ter-na 

T  :      "1:     - 

1  b''£DDJ  nak-til' 


Participle 
b'^BP^   mak-til' 


24 


VERB.     HOPHAL 


HOPHAL 


T'lDDiT  ^^  ^^^  executed 


Perfect 


sg.  3  m. 


^^Pn  hok-tal' 


3f.       n^DDn   hok-tela' 

T     :   |:     T 

2  m.     Pl^DSn   tok-tal'-ta 

T    :     -  |:    T 
:    :     -  I  :    T 

1         ^^Flhh^T]   hok-tal'-ti 


Imperfect 
Sg.  3  m.         SlD5^  yok-tal' 

-  |:t 

3f.         baDn   tok-tal' 

-  |:     T 

2  m.       Sar^n   tok-tal' 

-  I:    T 

2f.       *'btD5n   tok-teli' 

•      :    |:     T 

1  b^pH  ok-tar 


pi-  3  iblOpn   liok-telu'        pi.  3  m.        ^^JOft''   yok-telu' 


2  m.  DribfiDDH   hok-tal-tem'        3  f.    nSbl^DD  tok-tal'-na 

V    :     -  I  :    T  T  :      -  I :     T 

2  f.      jri^apn   liok-tal-ten'         2  m.      ^^Jppn  tok-telu' 

1  IJ^DDH   hok-tal'-nu  3  f .    nJ^DDD  tok-taF-na 

:     -|:    T  T  :     -  |:    T 

1  btoSi  nok-tal' 


Infinitive 

btOSn   tiok-tal' 


Participle 
^DD^    mok-tal' 


SIMPLE   VERBS  26 

EXERCISE 

t±i'  cnhnb  •urban  bs  nn  b^sty  n^^r^n 

•   T     •     :  •     :      •      :     -  •  •    t  t  •  |:     • 

i:ri-i3n  tib  Ti'S  ]r-\t'  iT.n  ns  "^ban  •^^a'ptt 

tbsnt".  \i':>s  p|"in  rsi 

The  king  clothed  the  man  of  battle  with  armor.  The  servant 
is  clothed  with  the  armor  of  the  king.  The  armies  are  brought 
together  for  battle.  Clothe  us  with  the  armor  and  we  will  cut  off 
the  scorner.     The  God  of  Israel  is  with  us. 

SIMPLE   VERBS 

30.  This  class  includes  all  verbs  like  ^t05  consisting  of 
three  strong  non-guttural  radicals,  i.e.  any  three  letters  except  ^ 

a.  The  accent  is  on  the  penult  before  the  afformatives  ri  >  "R  > 

13>  ™- 

T 

b.  A  vowel  afformative  is  accented  and  changes  the  preceding 
vowel  to  shewa,  except  in  hiphil. 

c.  In  the  perfect  a  consonant  afformative  changes  the  preceding 
vowel  to    _ . 

d.  In  perfect  kal  the  _  under  the  first  radical  becomes  shewa, 
when  not  immediately  followed  by  the  accent. 

e.  Wherever  (^  occurs  as  a  prefix  in  the  infinitive  it  is  re- 
placed by  the  preformative  in  the  imperfect  and  participle. 

(PARADIGM    I) 


26       METATHESIS.     SHORTENED  AND  LENGTHENED  FORMS 

Metathesis 

31.  In  case  the  first  radical  is  one  of  the  sibilants,  1  D  SJ  tJ^  > 
it  changes  place  with  the  f)  of  the  prefix  in  hithpael ; 
*1fin^*n  (^^^  HStynn)  ^^  '^^^  ^^  ^"^  guard.  JJ  changes  the 
J^  to  53;   p'ltOifil  (^^^  p'litriil)  he  justified  himself. 

When  the  first  radical  is  a  dental,  T  tD  IH  >  *^®  T\  ^^  assimi- 
lated;  nS*^^  (for  ^iS'^J^p)  conversing. 

EXERCISE 

T  :    •  -  V  V     -  ••  •    T  I  -     T 

in>5  tr^a^:    t^x-i  b?  n!?"nb  5?5ip  ■sjban  |n3 

.      .  ..        ^     .       .  ..     .  ..  ...  -      T  I 

tnnx  D^a  jSbs  bint:?  rss  t^iSisn  n^a  nsnx 

T    -  -  V    V    :  T         I      •    :  •-:-:-  :  v      :    v 

You  will  not  be  delivered  into  the  hand  of  the  Canaanites. 
God  said  to  the  children  of  Israel,  "  I  have  placed  you  in  the  land 
as  a  tree  planted  by  a  brook  of  water."  They  will  not  be  clothed 
with  armor.      A  sword  has  not  been  drawn.      I  have  not  cut 

them  off. 

Shortened  and  Lengthened  Forms 

32.  The  imperfect  may  be  used  as  a  subjunctive,  optative  or  im- 
perative. In  that  case  the  last  vowel  of  2  and  3  singular  is  often 
shortened;  bttiP*^  ^^^^  b'^SPp'^  '■>  while  1  singular  and  plural  are 
lengthened  by  the  ending  H-  ;   H^DpS ,  ^hl^^i- 

T  T     :   |:     V  T     :    |:    • 

The  imperative  masculine  singular  may  be  lengthened  in  the 
same  way;  H^t^p  ^<^^^«  (^^-  ^j  ^^)- 

Forms  ending  in  ^  and  ^_  sometimes  add  ?  ;  p^ppfl  V^'^ 
were  killing. 


CONSECUTIVE  V     INTRANSITIVE   VERBS.     GUTTURALS       27 

Consecutive  ^ 

33.  A  perfect  or  imperfect  may  have  a  ^  prefixed  to  denote 
that  it  is  subordinated  to  the  preceding  verb.  This  ^  is  called 
consecutive.     With  the  perfect  it  has  shewa  and  the   accent   is 

moved  forward  to  the  last  syllable  ;   ribl^DI  •     With  the  imper- 

T    :     -  |t  : 

feet  it  is  prefixed  with  _  and  dagesh  forte  like  the  article  (n.  24) 
and  the  accent  is  moved  backwards  to  the  penult;  "^12 p"!  •  ^^ 
the  imperfect  has  a  shorter  form,  that  is  used  ;   ^prp'V 

Intransitive  Verbs  in  __    and  J_ 

34.  Some  intransitive  verbs  have  _  for  the  last  vowel  of  per- 
fect kal  3  singular  masculine ;  ^33  it  was  heavy.  Some  have 
_  throughout  perfect  kal ;  fl2p  ^^  ^^'^^  small.  These  verbs  usu- 
ally have  _  instead  of  _  in  the  imperfect. 

GUTTUKAL   LETTERS 

35.  The  gutturals  S  H  Pi  S  *1  ^<^  ^^^  ^^^®  dagesh  forte. 
When  ordinary  rules  require  dagesh  forte  (nn.  18,  22,  24)  Ji^  g 
and  *^  usually  compensate  for  its  omission  by  lengthening  the  pre- 
ceding vowel ;  *?T*|S  (piel  of  "IIS)  he  adored;  *l''I*n  (^^r  .  H) 
the  city.  ^  and  H  ^^^  sometimes  J  cause  no  change  in  the  pre- 
ceding vowel  and  the  dagesh  forte  is  said  to  be  implicit ;  QHi 
(piel  of  CnO)  ^^  consoled. 

36.  The  gutturals  usually  take  _;  nb^T  ^^'^^^  c^-  vbp- 
Instead  of  simple  shewa,  they  take  a  compound  shewa;  Hfe^^ 
he  stands,  cf.    ^\^T)^ .      S    ^^^^   frequently   takes  __    and  _; 


28  FURTIVE  PATHAH.     ARTICLE   WITH  GUTTURALS 

37.  At  the  end  of  a  word  or  syllable  Ji{  is  quiescent  (n.  4) ;  ^ 
is  quiescent  at  the  end  of  a  word  unless  it  have  the  sign  mappik ; 
HTI  ^^y(^i  ^6  ivas;  ^^^  gabah,  it  was  high. 

T  T  -    T 

Furtive  Pathah 

38.  rl  H  J?  at  the  end  of  a  word  and  preceded  by  any  other 
than  an  a  sound  receive  a  _  called  furtive  pathah,  because  it  is 
pronounced  before,  not  after  the  consonant;  HH*'  yareah,  the 
moon;  H'^tl^^  mashiah,  the  Messias  (anointed)  ;  J?^tt?^  Teshuah, 
Jesus;  ni5  gabdah,  high. 

-  T 

Furtive  pathah  is  dropped  when  a  vowel  is  affixed ;  ^'H'^ty  tt  '^V 
anointed. 

The  Article  with  Gutturals 

39.  The  vowel  of  the  article  before  gutturals  and  ^  is  changed 
as  follows : 

__  before  ^  and  *-) ;  QIKH  ^^^^  ^«^^?  ^^^H  the  foot,  J^nSH^ 
'  the  earth. 
before  JJ  without  _  (a) ;  l^mSn  the  column. 

T  -     T 

before  ^  and  5  with  _   (a)  in  monosyllables  and  in  words 

T 

accented  on   the  penult;    THH^  the  mountain,  QSH^  the 

<  T      T  T      T 

people,  pl^n  the  well. 
_  before    ^   and    p    without    _    (a)  or    _ ;    X^nH    this  one, 

~  .       .  ^  t:  - 

^^Tnn  the  mo7ith,  H^^nn  hahokma  (nn.  9,  10),  wisdom. 

V       -  T    :     T    - 

__  before  pf  with  _  (a)  or  „  ;  Q^nH  the  ivise  man,  C^tTinn 

T  t:  T    T    V  •       T  t:  V 

the  months. 
before  j^  and  ^  with  _  (a)  unaccented ;  0*^*11^(1  the  moun- 

T  -TV 

tains,  T'iSn  the  sin. 


1  r*n^{ »  nn  1  D'^  and  a  few  others  have  _  after  the  article. 


GUTTURAL   VERBS  29 

EXERCISE 

DV  ni?nB  bs  r^tt^  ^^s    :nn  "ir^n  nb5 

-  :  -  -      T  V    -  T      T  -  T 

•    T  ••  V     -: 

He  was  a  man  knowing  the  God  of  Israel.  That  is  the  lion 
which  was  among  the  flock.  They  drew  near  to  a  high  mountain. 
The  shepherd  approached  the  well  with  the  flock.  Pharao  did 
not  let  the  people  of  God  go  to  the  high  mountain. 

GUTTUKAL  VEEBS 

40.  Verbs  with  gutturals  differ  from  ^1^5  o^^J  i^  so  far  as 
the  preceding  rules  require.  They  fall  into  three  classes,  accord- 
ing as  the  first,  second  or  third  radical  is  a  guttural.  Each  class 
is  named  after  the  letter  of  the  verb  ^1^^  which  corresponds  to 

-     T 

the  guttural.     Thus  if  the  first  radical  is  a  guttural,  the  verb  is 
called  ^  guttural;   *^t2V  '^^  stood:   if  the  second,  it   is   called 

-     T 

^  guttural;    tOntT    ^^  killed:    if  the  third,  the  verb  is  called 

-       T 

^  guttural;    Plb'^T   ^^  s^"^- 

^  GUTTURAL   VERBS 

41.  The  2  feminine  singular  perfect  takes  _  under  the  guttural 
to  ease  the  pronunciation. 

Furtive  pathah  is  inserted  when  required  (n.  37).  When  __ 
precedes,  the  _  may  elide  it  as  in  piel. 

The  second  vowel  of  the  imperative  and  imperfect  kal  is  _ 
instead  of  1_ . 

(PARADIGM   II) 


30  VOWEL  CHANGES 

EXERCISE 

^?is  rri^^en  naaa  v^m  |3xni  pKn  -tn 
TQprt  {"Tins  ^nnSt^  ^six  ^s  nis,n  "rib  n\i^  ■?[»? 

•"  'T__i^-T  •  t|t-  T 

The  servant  announced  that  he  heard  a  cry  on  the  high  moun- 
tain. She  sent  the  servant  to  Saul.  You  (sg.  f .)  have  heard  the 
cry  of  that  great  assembly.  Moses  announced  to  the  people  in 
Egypt  that  God  had  heard  them.  I  (am  he)  who  has  (1  sg.)  been 
sent  to  you.     This  (was)  a  sign  to  them  that  he  had  been  sent. 

VOWEL   CHANGES 

42.  Unchangeable  vowels  are  those  which  are  not  liable  to  change 
because  of  a  change  of  accent  or  a  rearrangement  of  syllables. 
They  are  long  vowels  regularly  written  fully ;  751^  voice:  short 
vowels  in  closed  syllables;  ^3^^   desei-t,  Ti33   strong:   short 

T      :   • 

vowels  before  implied  dagesh  forte,  or  lengthened  to  compensate 
for  dagesh  forte  in  gutturals  ;  QH^  ^^  consoled,  *?J'nS  ^^  adored 
(nn.  35,  39).  '  *  '  "  " 

43.  Other  vowels  may  be  changed  by  a  transfer  of  the  accent 
and  by  the  opening  or  closing  of  a  syllable  (nn.  8,  9,  10,  30,  32), 
as  follows : 


—  becomes  _  ,  _    or  _  ; 

T  -  '     V  :    ' 

».  becomes  __,_,__  or  _ ; 

L.  becomes  _  (o),  _  (before  dagesh  forte),  _  or  _  ; 

With  gutturals  shewa  is  usually  compound  (n.  36). 


or  vice  versa. 


VOWEL  CHANGES  31 

44.  A  short  vowel  becomes  long, 

when  a  closed  syllable  becomes  open  and  unaccented; 
^,T  mountain,  Q^^H: 

•    T 

before  S  S  *!  when  they  should  be  doubled  (nn.  35,39)  : 
before  S  H  1  ^  when   they  are   quiescent  (nn.  4,  37). 
There  are  some  exceptions  for  S  H  "^  • 

45.  A  long  vowel  becomes  short, 

when  a   closed    syllable    loses    its    accent;    ^j^    law^ 

when  an   open   syllable   becomes    closed;   *nBD   ^ook, 

46.  When  two  or  more  words  are  joined  together  by  the  sign 
makkeph  ",  only  the  last  retains  its  accent.  If  the  syllable  thui 
deprived  of  its  accent  is  closed,  its  vowel  is  usually  shortened ; 
Q*1K"\?3  kol-adam  (for  QIS   ^3  ^ol  adam),  every  man. 


SJ   GUTTURAL  VERBS 

47.  The  guttural  takes  compound  instead  of  simple  shewa 
(n.  35). 

The  second  vowel  of  the  imperative  and  imperfect  kal  is  _. . 

In  piel,  pual,  and  hithpael  X  and  ^  are  preceded  by  a  long 
vowel,  [^  H  ^^^  S  ^y  2-  short  vowel  (n.  35). 

Hiphil  is  not  affected  by  the  guttural. 

In  hophal  the  change  is  the  same  as  in  kal. 


(PARADIGM   III) 


32  NEW  SYLLABLES 

EXERCISE 

'lb  ^t^  ^J^iT^  bnri  jp  pH  mnb  ^IQ^^ 
tnan^P  ^'X  ov  ji^an  IP  nsj  dpi'?':  k"?  i]h^^ 
n^sri'?  -itTK  rnbi  osn  np5?2£  ^nsraty  stor 

•    -:  V     -:        I :  t    t  |  -  -:  -  •     :    -    t  -  t 

V    -:  V   •  -  ••  V  -    T  •    -  :     •       I      V  v    :  t 

I  will  oppress  Mm  that  oppresses  (pep.)  you.  They  are  hasten- 
ing to  the  bush  which  is  burning.  You  have  chosen  a  man  of 
battle  ;  we  will  choose  a  youth  from  the  flock.  David  hastens  to 
the  brook  to  choose  a  stone  for  the  sling  which  he  has. 

NEW  SYLLABLES 

48.  When  a  syllable  begins  with  two  letters  the  first  must 
have  a  vocal  shewa;   '^'^3   scrip  (n.  5).     If  still  another  letter 

with  shewa  is  added,  so  that  the  syllable  would  begin  with  two 
vocal  shewas,  the  first   shewa  becomes  a  short  vowel   (n.  43), 

usually  _ ,  and  the  second  becomes  silent ;  ''^^S  (for  ^^^S)) 
in  a  scrip. 

Sometimes  S  i  T  5  S  fl  after  the  second  shewa  retain  their 
aspiration,  and  so  omit  dagesh  lene ;  'rflDHS  (for  ^^^3) 
like  your  word. 

49.  Simple  shewa  before  a  compoimd  shewa  becomes  the  short 
vowel  of  the  compound  shewa ;      HtoS?^  {^^^  Tb!S^)>  ^^  stand. 

Compound  shewa  before  a  simple  shewa  becomes  the  short 
vowel  of  the  compound  shewa;  ^^^5?^  (for  ^*1^5?^)  yddmdUf 
they  stand;  ^H^S^n  (^^^  nttSU)  hoomdu,  they  were  placed. 


NEW   SYLLABLES  33 

When  a  syllable  becomes  open,  because  the  following  com- 
pound shewa  has  been  changed  into  a  full  vowel,  it  need  not  be 
long,  even  though  it  have  metheg  (n.  10)  ;  ^  and  J^  in  the  pre- 
ceding verbs. 

50.  Shewa  before  ^  becomes  _  ;  the  ^  quiesces  in  its  cognate 

vowel  (n.  2)  and  drops  its  shewa;  n^l^H*''^  (for  HIIH*''^)? 
for  Juda. 

Shewa  before  J^  becomes  _ .     But  as  _  is  cognate  to  ^ ,  _ 

is  dropped  and  JiJ  quiesces  in  _ .  This  _  may  then  be  length- 
ened  to   _ .      In    this   way    D'^Ht^^^    becomes    successively 

D^nbsb,  D^ibsb,  D^ibsb  to  God.  Likewise  _  before 
Ji^  becomes  _  in  which  Ji^  may  quiesce ;  "^ynX  7  (^^^  ^O'lX'^) 
for  the  Lord. 

51.  The  interrogative  particle  ^ ,  which  is  prefixed  to  the  first 
word  of  the  sentence,  usually  has  _  ;   X^H  ^"^  **^  ^^t  f 

Before  _  it  has  _  with  dagesh  forte ;  72^  H  {^^^^.U  it  be)  to 
a  son  f 

Before  gutturals  with  _  (a)  or  _  it  has  _  ;  ^^iSH  ^^  *^  ^  ^ 

T  t:  V  •         T     v 

Before  gutturals  with  other  vowels  it  has  _  ;  "TTpKH  ^^^^^^ 
I  go? 

52.  Vocal  shewa  before  the  accented  syllable  often  becomes 
_ ,  called  pretonic  kames ;  JJ*]1  3ltD  (^^^  S"11  SlJO)  Q^od 
and  bad. 

53.  When  a  word  would  end  in  two  letters,  a  short  vowel  is 
inserted  between  them  to  ease  the  pronunciation.     The  accent 


84  a  GUTTURAL  VERBS 

remains  on  the  first  syllable  (n.  7) ;  *^J^  (for  ^J*^),  show.  But 
if  the  last  letter  is  a  mute,  usually  no  vowel  need  be  inserted ; 
P^ap  (nn.  5,  41). 

£   GUTTURAL   VERBS 

54.   The  guttural  takes  a  compound  instead  of  a  simple  shewa. 

Niphal  and  hiphil  have  _.  instead  of  _  for  the  first  vowel 
of  the  perfect. 

Niphal  in  the  construct  infinitive,  etc.,  has  _  instead  of  _-  and 
dagesh  forte  (n.  35). 

The  compound  shewas  of  imperfect  kal,  perfect  niphal,  hiphil 
and  hophal  are  changed  to  the  corresponding  vowels  when  fol- 
lowed by  a  vocal  shewa  (n.  49).  But  the  _  of  imperative  kal 
is  changed  to  „ . 

Piel,  pual,  and  hithpael  are  not  affected  by  the  guttural. 

(PARADIGM   IV) 
EXERCISE 

:D^^bK  ^2vb  tib  Diptt3  nbsj  nias 

-:-  v|  I        T    :  -:-  t 

They  seized  the  youth  and  enslaved  him.  The  people  of  God 
were  enslaved  in  Egypt.  God  will  be  served  in  Israel.  You 
have  stood  in  a  place  which  (is)  holy;  we  serve  the  God  of 
Israel  in  it. 


KERE   AND   KETHIB.     VERBS   WITH   WEAK  RADICALS     35 

KERE  AND   KETHIB 

55.  In  the  masoretic  text  small  circles  or  asterisks  refer  to 
marginal  readings.  The  reading  in  the  text  is  called  kethib 
Q^n3  Aramaic  passive  participle ;  in  Hebrew,  ^^fl^)?  if^ritten. 

"     :  T 

The  marginal  reading  is  called  kere  (K*1p  Aramaic  passive  par- 
ticiple ;  in  Hebrew  SlHi^);  ^^<^<^- 

There  are  certain  words  called  perpetual  kere,  which  are  always 
to  be  read  otherwise  than  they  are  written,  although  there  is 
nothing  to  indicate  this  in  the  text. 

JTJI^^  is  written  everywhere  for  m,*!^  Yahwe,  the  name  of 
God  (He  that  is).  The  reason  given  is  this:  wherever  niH^ 
occurred  the  Jews,  out  of  reverence,  were  wont  to  read  ^^^X 
Adonay,  the  Lord,  instead.  To  indicate  this  usage  the  masoretes 
gave  the  letters  HIH^  ^^^  vowels  of  ^v"lK  >  ^^J  changing  the 
_.  of  the  guttural  to  _  .  A  prefix  with  HIH^  ^^s  given  the 
vowel   it   would   have   with    ^^X ;   nln"*!,    Hln^^    OHKI  > 

T-:  T-  T-  T 

"•i'nSS  ^-  50)-  They  should  be  read  as  if  written  HIm^I  mH^S  > 
etc.  But  when  HIH^  occurred  with  ^y^^  itself,  it  was  to  be 
read  Q^H^K  ^7  ^^^  Jews,  and  received  the  vowels  accordingly; 
Hin^  *^i'lK  (Adonay  Elohim)  the  Lord  God,  where  we  should 
read  niH^  *j1ti  (Adonay  Yahwe)  the  Lord  Yahvje. 

VERBS   WITH   WEAK   RADICALS 

56.  The  classes  of  verbs  that  follow  have  a  weak  radical, 
J$  jT  ")  "^  3 .  Like  the  guttural  verbs  they  are  named  after 
the  radicals  of  ^^^  .    The  radical  of  ^^^  shows  the  position  of 

-     T  -     T 

the  weak  raxiical,  and  the  weak  radical  itself  denotes  the  class  to 


36 


HS  VERBS 


which  the  verb  belongs ;  ^f^S  is  a  ^S  (pe  aleph)  verb,  Sl£fi 

-     T  T      T 

is  X^  (lamed  aleph),  pj'^jl  is  j^*^  (lamed  he),  etc. 


SB   VERBS 

57.  A  few  verbs  beginning  with  Ji{  differ  from  ordinary  g  gut- 
turals in  imperfect  kal,  where  the  Ji{  quiesces  in  I_ ,  the  second 
vowel  is  _  or  _  and  the  ^  of  1  singular  coalesces  with  the  first 

radical. 


sg.  3  m. 

nas^ 

KAL 
Imperfect 

pi 

•  3  m.         mi^X^ 

3f. 

noKn 

3f.  nnasn 

2  m. 

-lasn 

2  m.     ^ittKn 

2f. 

n.pxn 

2f.  njiQKn 

T      :  - 

1 

lax 

1            10X3 

EXERCISE 

nHiari  Via  tbsKo  k':'1  n5?3  njon  tinK*'  n^'X 
tabisb  inasn  a^Ktsn  onsi  {bsKb  ini 

The  way  of  the  just  will  not  perish  forever.  What  is  this 
wonderful  (great)  sight  ?  The  bush  burns  with  fire  and  the  fire 
does  not  consume  it.  You  (pi.)  were  saying,  "  The  wicked  shall 
perish."  David  approached  the  Philistine  and  said  to  him,  "  The 
birds  will  consume  you." 


SS  AND  nS   VERBS  37 

Kb    VERBS 

58.  X  '^lieii  fiiiS'l  quiesces  in  the  preceding  vowel.  It  is  a 
consonant  only  before  vowel  afformatives  (n.  8). 

Before  consonant  afformatives  it  quiesces  in  _  in  perfect  kal, 
in  _  in  perfect  of  other  forms,  in  _  in  imperative  and  imperfect 
throughout. 

(PARADIGM   V) 
EXERCISE 

tip  ni^HK  nin  n^ptpri  n^a-bs  nin^  s-JiT 
tnibpas  snp^  ^3  niT^x  n^^a  ^yi    :sin 

T      :|iT  V       :  -  ••    :  •  t    -  --  •     t 

tn\rt  Dips?  nliT  atr?  Knp":  tna^a  -isjS 

Moses  said  to  Israel,  "  You  stand  on  holy  ground,  call  on  the 
Name  of  Yahwe."  The  army  of  Israel  cried  out,  "We  have 
found  David,  he  will  meet  the  champion  of  the  Philistines." 
And  the  Philistine  cried  out  against  David  and  scorned  him, 
because  he  was  a  youth  with  beauty  of  countenance. 

nb   VERBS 

59.  n  ^3  without  mappik  (n.  37)  and  was  originally  ^  or 
rarely  ^. 

a.  ,T  when  final  quiesces  in  _  in  perfect,  in  _  in  imperative, 
in  _  in  imperfect  and  participle,  in  1_  or  _  in  absolute  infinitive. 

b.  Before  consonant  afformatives  ,*7  is  replaced  by  ^,  which 
then  quiesces  in  __  in  perfect  kal  and  sometimes  piel,  in  _  in 
perfect  of  other  forms,  in  _  in  imperative  and  imperfect. 


38  ASSIMILATION  AND  OMISSION  OF  LETTERS 

c.  Before  the  afformative  ,^_  the  J^  is  replaced  by  p . 

d.  [^  is  dropped  before  the  afformatives  ^  and  *>_  and  the 
ending  J^*'^  of  the  construct  infinitive. 

e.  In  the  passive  participle  of  kal  the  original  ^  reappears. 

/.  In  the  imperfect  used  as  a  subjunctive  or  imperative  and 
with  consecutive  %  the  [^  with  its  vowel  is  dropped.  The  apoco- 
pated form  '^i^  that  is  left,  becomes  ^yi  by  the  insertion  of 
_(n.53). 

(PAEADIGM  VI) 
IZERCISE 

V    -:  T  •     •  :    -  I       :  "  t    t  v   -;  -  -  :    t 

B^ibK  -lias   ta^ttttra  nin^  nxn  urax  nirsj 

w(  -   T  •  -    T     -  T       :  V  :  -  -:  %•   -:- 

The  people  stood  up  to  behold  all  that  was  done.  God  said  to 
Moses  that  He  is  who  is.  Pharao  saw  Moses  and  despised  him. 
God  sees  all  that  you  do  on  the  earth.  The  people  of  Yahwe 
were  despised  in  Egypt. 

ASSIMILATION  AND   OMISSION  OF  LETTERS 

60.  3  closing  a  syllable  within  a  word  is  assimilated  to  the 
following  letter.  The  following  letter  is  usually  doubled  and  has 
dagesh  forte ;  ^^^  (for  ^^y)  he  approaches,  njl?  {^oi  nrjtt) 
from  this.    Cf.  colligo,  corrigo;  <rvAA«y<i>,  auppio). 


JB  VERBS  39 

This   explains  the  dagesh  forte  in  niphal  construct  infinitive 

etc. ;  ':)tt|"5n  (for  biip^iriy 

Before  K  H  H  S  ^^^  *1  >  which  cannot  be  doubled  (n.  35), 
the  preceding  short  vowel  is  lengthened ;  Ql^^^  (for  QIS"?^) 
from  man,  "nriSH  (^^^  ^niSOn)   ^^  propitious.      T    "^    fl   ^.re 

••   T    ••  ••    T  :    • 

often  assimilated  in  the  same  way  ;  *lS1^  (^^^  *l3in^)  ^^^' 
versing,  Hp"^  (^^^  Hp/"^)  ^^  ta^es 

SI.  ^  ^  ^  i  with  shewa  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  are 
often   omitted;    ^^n^    (for    ^JIlwK)   ^e,    ^^    (for   ^^^)   know, 

Hp  (for  npb)  ^«^'e,  tt?5  (for  ty;3)  approach. 

62.  Dagesh  forte  is  usually  omitted  in  ^;  ^tSp^l  (for 
^^P^l)  ancZ  /ie  s?ew;  (n.  33). 

It  is  often  omitted  in  the  same  way  with  other  letters  ;  Q^HIS 

(for  Dnw)  ^^«  &?^'K  r\'^;'^hbr\  (fo^  ^b^n  piei  of  ^^n) 

praise  ye  Yah. 

63.  It  is  also  omitted  in  a  final  letter  when  the  etymology 
requires   that   it   be   doubled ;    p'pj    (from   ppH    ^^    inscribed) 

a  decree.     The  double  letter  reappears  on  the  addition  of  a  syl- 
lable ;   ipH  i^y  decree  (n.  45). 

|a   VERBS 

64.  a.  The  first  radical  J  is  dropped  or  assimilated  as  the  case 
may  require,  except  in  2  plural  perfect  kal  (nn.  60,  61). 

6.    The  ending  ^  is  added  to  the  construct  infinitive  of  kal ; 

n  +  ^:i3  -  3  =  nti  =  nt:  (n.  53). 


40  JB  VERBS 

c.  The  vowel  of  imperative  and  imperfect  kal  is  usually  - . 

d.  The  first  vowel  of  hophal  is  _  (nn.  43,  45). 

e.  A  verb  of  this  class  may  be  recognized  by  the  dagesh  forte 
after  the  preformative  or  prefix. 

/.   3  is  not  assimilated  when  the  second  radical  is  a  guttural; 
itiy  ^^  drives. 

V-   1P3  ^^  ^^^^'  assimilates  the  first  and  last  radical.    The  con- 
struct infinitive  of  kal  is  n  +  ]ri?  -  5  =  P??  =  ^^  ^'''  ^^^' 
j^    jj^  pipLj  j,^  took,  the  h  is  treated  throughout  as  if  it  were 
3;   nS'^  /le'eafces,  riPlp  ^^  take  (D  +  T^py  -  ^)' 
(PAEADIGM  VII) 

EXERCISE 

Syntax  -R  8.  Comparison  is  denoted  by  the  positive  of  the  adjective 
with  p  before  the  term  of  comparison ;  DHp  nil??  rnore  precious  than 
gold.    Lit.  precious  above  or  6e/ore  gfoZd.     Cf.  prae  nobis  beatus. 

n^t2  ha  ^n^bsn-nK  ^i\  jns  nx  nssn  sS|^ 

David  looked  at  the  great  Philistine.  He  hurled  a  stone  and 
struck  him  on  the  forehead  and  the  champion  fell  to  the  ground. 
The  man  that  was  struck  with  the  sword  falls  to  the  ground 
They  did  not  take  away  the  fallen  from  the  place  of  battle. 


^3?  VERBS  41 

David  rescued  the  sheep  from  the  paw  of  the  lion.  You  are 
greater  than  I.  David  drew  the  sword  from  the  scabbard  of 
Goliath. 

S5   VERBS 

65.  a.  The  second  and  third  radicals  are  the  same.  When  there 
is  no  vowel  between  them  the  letter  is  written  but  once.  The 
dagesh  forte  which  is  omitted  when  a  final  letter  is  doubled  re- 
appears on  the  addition  of  a  vowel  (n.  63). 

b.  The  vowel  is  usually  that  which  is  second  in  the  simple 
verb;  ^^,  cf.  ^t2p- 

c.  Before  a  consonant  afformative  a  vowel  is  inserted ;  "j  in 
the  perfect,  •^_  in  the  imperative  and  imperfect. 

d.  The  vowel  afformatives  are  not  accented  (n.  30,  b). 

e.  In  niphal,  hiphil,  and  hophal  the  first  vowel  is  lengthened 
(nn.  9,  43,  44). 

/.  Instead  of  the  regular  piel,  pual,  and  hithpael  these  verbs 
usually  have  poel,  poal,  and  hithpoel;  i.e.  instead  of  the  second 
radical  being  doubled,  '*\  is  inserted  before  it;  32 'iD-  These 
forms  are  inflected  regularly. 

At  times  the  first  two  radicals  are   reduplicated,  thus  form* 

ing  pilpel,  pulpal,  and  hithpalpel ;    ^y^^  (from  ^^2)  '^^  rolled. 

...  _  ^ 

The  imperfect  of  kal  with  _  for  its  first  vowel  is  regular. 
The  regular  forms  occur  sometimes  in  3  singular  and  plural 
perfect  of  kal ;    35D  ,  HD2D  • 

-     T  T     :     ,T 


(PARADIGM   VIII) 


42  IS  AND  "^  TEBBS 

EXERCISE 

Dns  b'^n  '^tH^  niT^x  bbrib  bn\^ri-bs  isp 
Kin  niK3i£  ni,T  nn  iaK»i    tn^n'^ybsn  Ta 

T    :  T       :  •    T  V  -  •      :     •     :    -  t  • 

nijns  aD»i    n*!  nnb  ins  ib':5n  DsnK  b^Jio 

:  -  T  T-  :  :     -  V    :     V  •   - 

:ink  b'Vn'p  lap  nsni  nn""^  "^^^^  ^P-^ 

By  the  hand  of  Moses  Yahwe  brought  back  Israel  from  Egypt. 
The  people  turned  saying,  "  Praise  Yahwe  for  ever  and  ever.'' 
The  lion  went  around  the  flock.  They  will  curse  you  and  oppress 
you.  Yahwe,  Thou  wilt  be  praised  for  ever,  because  Thou  didst 
rescue  us  from  the  hand  of  Egypt. 

15?   AND  ^^   VERBS 

66.  a.  These  verbs  are  named  not  from  3  singular  perfect  of 
kal,  but  from  the  construct  infinitive. 

b.  Unlike  those  of  the  preceding  class,  they  have  a  vowel 
inserted  before  consonant  afformatives  only  in  the  imperfect  of 
kal  and  in  the  perfect  of  niphal  and  hiphil. 

c.  In  niphal,  hiphil  and  hophal  the  first  vowel  is  lengthened  (n.  9). 

d.  The  vowel  afformatives  are  not  accented,  except  in  hophal 
(n.  30,  b). 

e.  Piel,  pual  and  hithpael  usually  become  polel,  polal  and  hith- 
polel ;  i.e.  the  last  radical  is  repeated  with  a  vowel  before  it  (n.  65,  f). 

f.  Some  verbs  like  fl^^  hsLYe  _  instead  of  __  in  kal  perfect 
and  participle ;  J^f^  ^^  died,  etc. 

67.  *iJJ  verbs  differ  from  y^  only  in  kal,  where  ^  appears  in- 
stead of  *1 . 

In  some  *\^  or  ^J  verbs  the  ^  or  "i  is  a  strong  radical ;  HTl 
he  waSy  mj{  he  ordered. 


^B  VERBS  48 

(PARADIGM    IX) 
EXERCISE 

ink  ^!i  jpn  ins  pin^  3i"^n  nns  n»hn  sa 

T  V      T-  1     •  •      T    -:  -     T  T  T- 

D"nr':?sn  lis?  nv  on'pn'p  t^ri  I'h  -^t^  ^"psa 

V    -:  •   -  ...  .     .      .      .    _  T  -  V  T  - 

Irani  nbn  ^:5?j?n  Dip»  an;  tib'p.T^ 

They  will  place  the  sword  of  the  dead  champion  in  the  hand 
of  the  youth  who  slew  him.  For  the  mighty  Philistine  has  been 
slain  and  they  were  put  to  flight.  Place  the  head  of  Goliath  on  a 
spear  and  send  it  (cause  it  to  go)  to  Saul.  That  is  a  land  flowing 
with  milk  and  honey. 

^a   VERBS 

68.  Verbs  of  this  class  fall  under  three  heads :  1.  ^Q  pure,  in 
which  "^  remains  unchanged ;  2.  ig  originally  ^g ,  in  which 
*\  reappears  after  a  prefix ;  3.  ^Q  like  Jg,  in  which  ^  is 
assimilated. 

69.  ^S  pure.  —  They  occur  mostly  in  kal  and  hiphil.  In  im- 
perfect kal  the  radical  ^  drops  shewa  and  quiesces  in  the  _  of 
the  preformative  (n.  50).  In  hiphil  the  radical  *i  quiesces 
throughout  in  _  . 

70.  ''S'lS  —  a.  In  kal  construct  infinitive  and  imperative  of 
a  number  of  these  verbs  the  ^  is  dropped.  ^  is  added  in  the 
infinitive  as  in  1S^  verbs.    The  imperfect  has  _  in  both  syllables. 

But  in  most  cases  the  imperative  and  imperfect  are  as  in  ^Q 
pure. 


44  PUNCTUATION 

b.  In  niphal,  hiphil,  and  hophal  the  original  *\  reappears.  In 
niphal  infinitive,  etc.,  *]  is  doubled  (n.  60). 

c.  In  hiphil  imperfect  the  [^  of  the  prefix  is  sometimes  allowed 
to  remain  after  the  pref ormative  ;  S^'tyin*'  (for  S'^tTV)  ^^  saves. 

d.  ^"^n  is. like  IS  verbs  in  the  construct  infinitive,  etc.,  of 
kal  and  in  hiphil  throughout ;  in  other  forms  it  is  a  g  guttural. 

71.  ''S"fS — Nearly  all  have  JJ  for  their  second  radical.  The 
^  is  treated  as  the  J  of  |g  verbs. 

(PARADIGM  X) 

EXERCISE 

I'r-jtyni  S5ip;ii  Q'^»3  nsbb  nssn  b^v  ih 

I       V  T    T  ••  ••  T  : "  T    T     :      •  •    T  V     -: 

T  ...  V    V  :  ••  -  T       :  "      T   :     •  ••        w 

T    T  •  :  ••  ••  T       :  %•         -  V  -  I       T    -      1    • 

I         T      - 

The  youth  strove  to  lift  the  sword  and  could  not.  You  (pi.) 
know  that  Yahwe  will  save  us.  I  am  not  able  to  walk  in  this 
armor.  It  is  for  a  man  of  battle.  We  know  that  the  scoffers 
will  not  scoff  forever.  Yahwe  who  dwells  in  heaven  will  bring 
you  (cause  to  go  forth)  from  this  land. 

PUNCTUATION 

72.  Besides  the  word  accent  (n.  7)  there  are  clausal  accents 
which  correspond  in  part  to  our  marks  of  punctuation.  The 
more  important  are : 


PAUSE.    NOUNS  WITH  PRONOMINAL  SUFFIXES  45 

Silluk  _  under  the  accented  syllable,  with  soph  pasuk  ♦ 
following  at  the  end  of  the  word,  is  the  same  as  a  period ; 
♦  2*7^1*7   the  man. 

|T     T     T 

Athnah  _  under  the  accented  syllable  is  the  same  as  a  colon  or 

semicolon ;   D*lSn  • 

AT    T    T 

Rebia  L ,  zakeph  gadol  L ,  and  zakeph  katon  L  over  the 
accented  syllable,  and  segolta  _  over  the  last  letter,  are  all  about 
the  same  as  a  comma ;    D*^^^^  ^  D^KHj  DHSH^  DISH- 

TTT  TTT  TTT  TTT 

In  poetry  ole  weyored  _  -f  is  often  used  instead  of  athnah  : 
yored  _  under  the  accented  syllable  and  ole  _  over  the  pre- 
ceding;  DIKil- 

-#T  T     T 

PAUSE 

73.  A  word  with  silluk  and  soph  pasuk,  with  athnah,  and 
sometimes  with  other  signs,  is  said  to  be  in  pause  and  may  have 
its  vowel  modified  (n.  43)  and  its  accent  transferred. 

A  short  vowel  in  pause  becomes  long;   ♦  ^J^H  (for  ^tDD)- 

|T    I  T  -    I  T 

A  vocal  shewa  becomes  a  vowel  and  the  syllable  thus  formed 
takes  the  accent.  If  the  shewa  stands  for  an  elided  vowel,  that 
vowel  is  restored  and  lengthened;   J  H^IOD  (^^^  n^DD)-     ^^ 

T     ,T  |t  t      :    |,t 

the  shewa  is  compound,  it  becomes  the  corresponding  long  vowel ; 
^wS  (for  ^3X) ;  otherwise  it  will  be  _  ;  "^^"^  (for  ^3'vi?),  a  cap- 


tive, "Tj-^p:^  (for  '?]'^ny),  you 


r  servant. 


NOUNS  WITH   PRONOMINAL   SUFFIXES 

74.  The  possessives  my,  your,  his,  etc.,  are  expressed  by  the 
addition  of  pronominal  suffixes.  There  are  two  sets  of  these 
suffixes :  one  for  singular  nouns,  one  for  plural  and  dual. 


46  NOUNS   WITH  PRONOMINAL  SUFFIXES 


For  Singular  Nouns 

For  Plural  Nouns 

sg.l 

^ 

my 

%  («2/) 

2  m. 
2f. 

V 
V 

your 

3  m. 

1 

Ms 

V-  (««>) 

3f. 

K 

her 

OV 

pl.l 

ii^ 

our 

^3V 

2  m. 

Q^T 

D?V 

2f. 

Pt 

your 

PV 

3  m. 
3f. 

It 

their 

£35  >  |3  >  on?  in  ^^®  grave  suffixes;  all  the  rest  are  light. 
3  in  Q5  and  1^  retains  the  aspiration  even  after  a  closed 
syllable  (n.  48). 

First  Class 
75.   Masculines  and  feminines  with  unchangeable  vowels  (n.  42). 
Masculine  singular  Feminine 

abs.  D^D   horse  HD^D   wa?-c 

T 

noiD 


»g.l 

2  m. 

2f. 

Sm. 

'IDID 

3f. 

HDID 

■inpiD 


FIRST 

CLASS 

pl.l 

^JplD 

^jnoiD 

2  m. 

d:?p^d 

DSriDID 

2f. 

jPC^D 

priDiD 

3  m. 

nD^D 

CnDID 

3f. 

JDID 

]nD« 

PLURAL 

abs. 

D'PID 

niDiD 

est. 

'DID 

niDiD 

sg.l 

'DID 

'niDiD 

2  m. 

""DID 

Tj^jfliDID 

2f. 

•^•riD 

•^^niDiD 

3  m. 

VD1D 

ViniDID 

3f. 

O'DID 

i^riiDiD 

pl.l 

^^D^O 

irpiDiD 

2  m. 

QS'DID 

DD'niD^D 

2f. 

ID'DID 

p'niDiD 

3  m. 

DIl'PID 

D,TniDiD 

3f. 

in'DiD 

|,TDiDlD 

47 


Note.— The  accent  in  this  and  the  following  cla.sses  is  regularly  on  the 
pronominal  suf&x.  It  is  on  the  connecting  vowel  wherever  one  occurs  with 
a  light  6ufl&x. 


48        NOUNS  WITH  PRONOMINAL  SUFFIXES 

EXERCISE 

Give  construct  singular,  absolute  and  construct  plural  of  each ; 
add  suffixes. 

\']i'2  n-i'in 

His  sign.  Your  (pi.)  affliction.  My  spear.  Our  spear. 
Their  breastplates.  My  just  one.  His  signs.  Your  scrip. 
My  signs.  Their  champion.  Yahwe  is  our  champion.  The 
law  of  Yahwe  is  the  breastplate  of  the  just. 

Second  Class 

76.   Masculines  and  feminines  with  changeable  vowels  (n.  42). 

Masculines.  —  The  singular  adds  all  suffixes  to  its  construct 
(nn.  20,  21).  The  light  suffixes  leave  the  last  syllable  of  the 
noun  open  and  unaccented ;  its  vowel  is  therefore  long  (n.  9). 
But  the  grave  suffixes  close  the  preceding  syllable,  leaving  the 
vowel  unchanged. 

The  absolute  plural  is  formed  by  adding  the  ending  Q^—  *^ 
the  construct  singular.  The  construct  plural  drops  Q  of  the 
ending  and  _  or  _  under  the  second  radical,  leaving  the  form 

•^•^il*!  ?  the  _  is  then  lengthened  to  __  and  the  first  shewa  be- 
comes a  short  vowel  (n.  48).  The  light  suffixes  are  added  to  the 
construct  singular,  the  grave  to  the  construct  plural. 

Feminines.  —  The  singular  adds  all  suffixes  to  the  construct 
singular,  the  plural  to  the  construct  plural. 


SECOND   CLASS 

abs. 
est. 

Singular 

MASCULUiB 

ivord 

Plural 

n.ai 

sg.l 

n?1 

nai 

-  T      : 

2  m. 
2f. 

3  m. 

3f. 

n-iai 

oi=i 

pi.  1 

••  T      : 

w'i.aT 

2iii. 

=r15^ 

can.5T 

2f. 

P151 

|an.ai 

3  m. 

=131 

cnna-i 

3f. 

n=i 

lO'ia^ 

Note.  —The  remaining  paradigms  give  only  one  suflax  of  each  kind 

sg.  abs. 

M^ 

heart 

ia^n  tt''«e 

est. 
1.  sfx. 
g.  sfx. 

^aa^ 

T    : 

caaa'p 

aap] 

•    T    -: 

pi.  abs. 
est. 
1.  sfx. 

D^aab 
^aa*? 

'cap] 

g.  sfx. 

D5'35^ 

aa'ttan 

49 


50 


NOUNS   WITH  PRONOMINAL  SUFFIXES 
Feminine 


year 

sleep 

righteousness 

sg.  abs. 

.ryw 

T\W 

npi? 

est. 

njtr^ 

T\W 

J^p12« 

1.  sfx. 

^r^p 

^ryw 

^npnic 

g.  sfx. 

Q5J?5^ 

n^ri?^ 

D3npis 

pi.  abs. 

r^\w 

niJt!^ 

nipn^ 

est. 

n^it^ 

ni3tt^ 

rripna 

1.  sfx. 

^TfWI^ 

^n'13^ 

^n'lpi^ 

g.  sfx. 

UTT\\'W 

ns^n'iitt? 

D5^nip-tif 

EXERCISE 

Give  eonstruct  singular,  absolute  and  eonstruct  plural  of  eftch ; 
add  suffixes. 


nan? 
nana 

T     :    • 

n3-i§a 

Q'1P» 


■^pa 

T  •• 


This  is  the  seat  of  judgment.  The  just  man  will  stand  up  in 
the  place  of  counsel.  The  judgment  of  Yahwe  is  forever.  The 
place  of  battle  was  in  the  desert  of  Madian. 


THIRD  CLASS  61 

Third  Class 

77.  Participles.  —  Participles  with  the  vowels  _  L  have  the 
construct  singular  like  the  absolute.  In  the  plural  and  with 
sulhxes  the  vowels  are  changed  as  in  verbs  (n.  30,  b). 

Participles   of   J^"^   verbs   change   _   to   _    in   the   construct 

singular ;  in  the  plural  and  with  suffixes  the  J^  is  dropped,  as  in 
the  verb  with  vowel  afformatives  (n.  59,  d). 

Participles  of  "jj  and  ^^  verbs  retain  the  _  or  _  and  so 
belong  to  the  first  class. 

Some  nouns  from  ^'^  roots  are  much  like  the  participles ; 
m'^  Jiehl 


enemy 

seer 

field 

sg.  abs. 

3.'S 

nin 

n*!'^ 

est. 

2'.j< 

njn 

HT^ 

1.  sfx. 

'5':>5 

'in 

ntr 

g.  sfx. 

=r5'j< 

csfn 

o^l'c^ 

pi.  abs. 

C'5'k 

D'ih 

D'T^y 

est. 

•5'>< 

'in 

'l'^ 

1.  sfx. 

•?•« 

'in 

'T^ 

g.  sfx. 

03'5'J< 

Fourth  Class 

M't^ 

78.    Segolates.  —  A  segolate  noun  has  three  radicals  and  two 
vowels,  the  second  of  which  is  _  ,  and  is  accented  on  the  penult ; 


i7 


f^  king,  *lSb  ^ook,  ^^Ip  sanctuary. 


52  NOUNS   WITH  PRONOMINAL   SUFFIXES 

These  are  typical  segolates  and  are  regarded  as  arising  from 

the  monosyllabic  ground  forms  'Tf^^  ,  HBD  >  tt^TS-     ^  short 

vowel  is  inserted  between  the  second  and  third  radical  (n.  53), 
which  causes  the  first  syllable  to  become  open  (nn.  8,  9).     In 

words  like  ^TT^Q  ^^®  ^^^t  vowel  _  is  changed  to  _  for  euphony. 

Addition  of  Suffixes.  —  In  the  singular  the  construct  is  like  the 
absolute.     All  suffixes  are  added  to  the  ground  form. 

The  plural  is  formed  as  in  nouns  of  the  second  class.  In  the 
construct  the  first  vowel  is  that  of  the  ground  form.  All  light 
suffixes  are  added  as  in  the  second  class,  grave  suffixes  are  added 
to  the  construct  plural. 

When  the  first  vowel  in  the  singular  is  I_ ,  it  usually  becomes 
__  in  the  plural  (n.  43). 


king 

book 

sanctuai-y 

sg.  abs. 

i?i 

"15D 

^T 

est. 

ti 

nsD 

^T 

1.  sfx. 

'3b» 

■'"!?P 

^^1p 

g.  sfx. 

03?^'? 

Q31?P 

Q5?1p 

pi.  abs. 

Q'5'?? 

ansp 

QTip 

est. 

^5^a 

"1.9P 

'^T 

1.  sfx. 

'?^^ 

"iBP 

^^1P: 

g.  sfx. 

ns^aba 

B3n.?P 

05^^1P 

The  dual  is  usually  derived  from  the  ground  form,  but  some- 
times from  the  plural;  it  adds  all  suffixes  to  the  construct 
plural. 


FOURTH  CLASS,  SEGOLATES  68 

79.  Guttural  Segolates.  —  If  one  of  the  last  two  radicals  is  a 
guttural,  _  is  inserted  instead  of  _  (n.  36).  Hence  the  words 
"IS?  ^^2/,  n^5  eternity,  ^^_^  work,  from  -)S5,  pi;:? ,  b^B  • 
Although  words  of  this  kind  have  no  _  ,  they  are  called  segolates 
because  they  are  formed  on  the  same  plan  as  the  segolates  and 
take  suf&xes  in  the  same  way  as  they  do. 


a  youth 

eternity 

toorfc 

8g.  abs. 

-i:jS 

ml 

•^SB 

est. 

n?3 

n^S 

bSB 

1.  sfx. 

n?3 

v^^ 

"bSB 

t:  t 

g.  sfx. 

0315?3 

D^rj?:? 

osV?? 

pi.  abs. 

Dnsj 

D^nv? 

D^bSB 

est. 

'i.?3 

V$^ 

^'??B 

1.  sfx. 

''IS? 

"n^? 

^SSB 

g.  sfx. 

n3^n.5?5 

QS^niri 

Q5''?5?B 

80.  Feminine  Segolates.  —  Feminines  ending  in  J^ are  treated 

as  segolates ;  in  the  plural  all  suffixes  are  added  to  the  construct 
plural.  , 

81.  Feminines  derived  from  Segolates.  —  These  are  formed  by 
adding  f^_  to  the  ground  form  of  the  segolates.     In  the  singular 

they  are  like  those  of  the  first  class;  in  the  plural  they  are 
formed  on  the  plan  of  the  masculine  segolates  and  add  all 
suf^es  to  the  construct  plural. 


64 


NOUNS  WITH  PRONOMINAL  SUFFIXES 


FEMININE   SEGOLATES 

enclosure 


sg.  abs. 

est. 

1.  sfx. 

g.  sfx. 
pi.  abs. 

est. 

1.  sfx. 

g.  sfx. 


D3p"]api? 


queen 

T    :     - 


EXERCISE 

Give  construct  singular,  absolute  and  construct  plural ;  add 
suffixes. 

bn: 

snip 
-isn 


This  stone  by  the  road  is  a  memorial  of  Yahwe.  That  is  the 
champion  of  the  Philistines.  On  his  head  is  a  helmet,  in  his 
scabbard  is  a  sword.  The  shepherd  chose  stones  for  his  sling 
from  the  brook. 


FIFTH  CLASS,  DEFECTIVE   SEGOLATES  55 

Fifth  Class 

82.  Defective  Segolates.  —  Nouns  which  fall  short  of  being 
segolates  because  of  a  weak  radical. 

p]^  Segolates.  —  The  first  radical  has  shewa  and  the  third  is 
original  *>  quiescing  in  __  .     In  other  respects  they  are  segolates. 

^J^  and  ^J^  Segolates.  —  They  are  segolates  in  the  singular  abso- 
lute only.  In  the  construct  singular  and  with  suffixes  they  belong 
to  the  first  class. 

S?  J?  Segolates.  —  Instead  of  a  short  vowel  being  inserted  between 
the  last  two  radicals,  they  are  doubled.  If  the  vowel  is  long,  it 
becomes  short  on  the  addition  of  a  syllable  (n.  63).  For  the  rest, 
they  are  much  like  the  first  class. 

}J?  Segolates.  —  The  J  is  assimilated  to  the  next  radical. 
Otherwise  they  are  like  the  preceding;  p|^  (for  plj^,  n.  60) 
nostril. 


n"? 

w 

^5J 

ss 

fruit        sickness 

death 

olive 

decree 

8g.  abs. 

n?       ^"^O 

nif? 

nn 

pn 

est. 

'n?      '^Kl 

rriia 

r\'\ 

TO 

1.  sfx. 

'^B         ^i^D 

T'i» 

v^\ 

pr7 

g.  sfx. 

DsnB    D3^>n 

DSI^'lO 

Q^J^'i 

o=pn 

pi.  abs. 

Q^^>n 

D^nio 

DT'I 

D'pn 

est. 

">0 

'ri'ia 

'm 

^pn 

1.  sfx. 

"-"PO 

"n'lo 

v\ 

^n 

g.  sfx. 

Q=^^.'?^ 

Ds^nio 

DS'nn 

OTpn 

56  VERBS   WITH  PRONOMINAL  SUFFIXES 

YEEBS  WITH  PRONOMINAL   SUFFIXES 

83.  When  a  pronoun  is  the  object  of  a  verb,  it  is  a  suffix  either 
to  the  particle  J^^  (n.  25)  or  to  the  verb  itself. 

Niphal,  pual,  hophal  and  hithpael,  being  passive  or  reflexive, 
do  not  take  suffixes.  Neither  do  the  first  and  second  persons  of 
the  remaining  forms  take  suffixes  of  the  same  person ;  hithpael  is 
used  instead. 

There  are  three  regular  sets  of  suffixes :  one  after  a  vowel ; 
two  after  a  consonant  —  one  for  the  perfect  and  one  for  the 
imperfect,  infinitive,  imperative  and  participle. 

After  a  Vowel  After  a  Consonant 

with  perf.  with  impf.  etc. 


pi. 


1 

'i 

'ir. 

% 

2  m. 

^ 

^T 

V 

2f. 

1 

1- 

^- 

3  m. 

in  ^1 

m^i 

in^ 

3f. 

•7 

Hv 

7^ 

1 

13 

^V 

13^ 

2  m. 

03 

D3- 

0=T 

2f. 

q?) 

(|5V) 

(Pt> 

3  m. 

D 

Dt 

0^ 

3f. 

r 

h 

<!-> 

84.  When  the  imperfect  has  no  afformative,  a  J  may  be  inserted 
before  some  of  the  suffixes.  This  ^  is  called  epenthetic  and  is 
assimilated  to  the  following  letter  (n.  60).  But  |-[  in  the  3  singular 
masculine  and  feminine  suffix  is  assimilated  to  the  preceding  3. 


VERBS   WITH  PRONOMINAL  SUFFIXES  67 

Change  in  Afformatives.  —  In  the  perfect  3  singular  feminine 
^_  becomes  f^_  or  ^_  ;  2  singular  feminine  ^  becomes  ^^ ; 
2  plural  cn  ^^^  jn  become  ^^  .  In  the  imperfect  and  impera- 
tive ,^3  becomes  ^^ . 

Change  in  Accent.  —  The  afformatives  are  accented.  Where 
there  is  no  afformative,  the  accent  is  on  the  connecting  vowel ; 
but  23  and  J^  ^^'^  always  accented. 

Change  in  Vowels.  —  The  vowels  change  according  to  the  rules 
already  laid  down  (nn.  9,  30). 

Pretonic  kames,  as  it  no  longer  immediately  precedes  the  accent, 
becomes  shewa  (n.  52). 

In  the  imperfect  _  becomes  shewa,  except  before  ^,  Qp , 
and  1^  ,  where  it  becomes  _  (o). 

The  infinitive  is  used  as  a  noun  or  a  verb  and  takes  the  suffixes 
accordingly;  its  form  is  usually  ^t^H  (^)  (^-  1^)- 
The  imperative  has  the  same  form  as  the  infinitive. 
In  piel  the  _  becomes  shewa,  except  before  *?] ,  Q5  ,  and  Jp  , 

where  it  becomes  _  . 

In  hiphil  there  is  no  change  of  vowel. 

(PARADIGM   XI) 
EXERCISE 

t^nbtys   \':riht   nn^nr^   '^^p)^T-  '^T^^'. 
trnsn    t'^i^n^sn    i^n],:^'^    rh'^n    i^H':^^n 


58  PREPOSITIONS   WITH  PRONOMINAL  SUFFIXES 

Yahwe,  our  God,  will  not  deliver  me  into  your  hand.  The 
youth  drew  the  sword  of  the  dead  champion  from  its  scabbard, 
raised  it  up,  and  cut  off  his  head  with  it.  David  struck  the  beast 
with  his  staff  and  slew  it.  Yahwe  sent  me  to  you  to  smite  them 
and  rescue  you. 

PREPOSITIONS  WITH  PRONOMINAL   SUFFIXES 

85.  Some  prepositions  take  pronominal  suffixes  in  the  same 
way  as  singular  nouns ;  *^p\ii  with  me :  others  take  them  as  plural 

nouns  ;  ''*nHX  ^^f^^'^'  '^^^j  '^*'^S^  against  you. 

p3  with  singular  suffixes  is  like  a  singular  noun  ;  ^3^5^  ^3^3 
between  you  and  me :  with  plural  suffixes  it  is  like  a  noun  in  the 
construct  plural  and  is  masculine  or  feminine  regardless  of  the 
gender  of  the  pronoun ;  QH^'yi  or  OnyS  between  them. 

ADVERBS   WITH  PRONOMINAL   SUFFIXES 

86.  An  adverb  may  take  a  pronominal  suffix  with  the  verb 
to  be  understood:   ^^  assertive,  'T[tJ7^   you  are;    p^   negative, 

D3^K  ^^^^y  ^^'^  ^^^y  ^X  where?  ^'^^  where  is  he?   HSH  behold  I 

^iir\  behold  me!  ot  here  I  am! 

EXERCISE 

Syntax.  — R.  9.  The  subject  of  a  relative  clause  is  expressed  by  "^tl^K  5 
''iS^n  1t?S;  nin^  YaUwe  who  saved  me. 

R.  10.  When  the  relative  is  an  indirect  object,  ^'^^  is  complemented  by 
a  preposition  with  a  pronominal  sufl&x  which  follows  further  on  ;  DiD^H 

L  •  I      T  - 

'vT^  *l)i51!?  riilK  ntH^i^   the  place  on  which  you  are  standing. 

T   T  ••  T    -  V    -: 

The  direct  object  may  be  expressed  by  "lU^K »  either  alone  or  with  an 
objective  pronominal  suffix  as  complement ;  HH  15S'in  "1^^  Tb  ihe 
dust  which  the  wind  scatters. 


NTMBERS.     CARDINALS  69 

'P'^bsn  rs-i-ns  ns  ma  t.t  -ir>?  Z'lrirt 
lav  •rian'po  i^int  'n'^^En  1122    jk'h  nhn: 
D^ibs^  1353  itt^K  "^nn   :  ir,i'?x  n-n'  rs  ?inn 

«   T  -;-  V     -:  T    T  T       :  ••  |    .. .. 

It:-  -      :   •     :  t    t 

This  is  the  Philistine  who  reviled  Yahwe.  Goliath  is  their 
champion,  whose  head  David  will  cut  off.  The  God  whom  we  serve 
is  Yahwe.     We  serve  Him  on  the  mountain  on  which  we  stand. 


NUMBERS 

Cardinals 

87.   1  and  2  are  adjectives  ;  the  rest  are  abstract  nouns. 

In  form  3  to  10  are  feminine  with  masculine  subjects  and 
masculine  with  feminine  subjects.  1  to  10  have  the  absolute  and 
construct  states.     1  to  19  have  the  masculine  and  femmine. 


K 

1 

Masc 

ABS. 

ULINE 

CST. 

nns 

Fei 

nns 

CST. 

nns 

2 
3 

'^bv 

'cbp 

1 

4 

nsans 

rvans 

san^« 

i"a-)K 

n 

5 

n%VLi 

nt^^n 

r^n 

•^'crj 

1 

6 

n^^ 

T\tt 

z%^ 

wtr 

t 

7 

r\vnt 

n?a"»y 

sa-u? 

sat;^ 

n 

8 

npp 

n:c^ 

nib-^^T 

njo"^* 

D 

9 

TO'v^'n 

nwr\ 

5Jw*n 

s'wri 

s 

10 

n-im 

m'^» 

It's 

"I'c'? 

60  NUMBERS.     CARDINALS 

The  units  of  11  and  12  are  in  the  construct  state. 
From  13  to  19  the  masculine  units  are  in  the  absolute  state  and 
the  feminines  in  the  construct. 


Masculine 

Fbminikb 

Tffi'^  nm 

m'^rj?  nnx 

K" 

ll 

[        Ttt?  'm^. 

nn'^s  'n^? 

T^s  n^i%' 

n-i'!5's  n^m 

r 

12 

T?»  '3^ 

nnt^?  "n^ 

r 

13 

•■im  ntt^b*!^ 

nn)^^  ^"^^ 

n^ 

14 

n'^s  nsanx 

nnt^s  ssnx 

ItD 

15 

T^V  n^r^rj 

nn^V  ^'^O 

TIO 

16 

Ttr^  nty^ 

nn'tr?  tv 

r 

17 

-i'^?  ,-i?5t;r 

HT^?:?  5?5t;^ 

n" 

18 

Ty7s  njbt;? 

ni'^^s  n.3b^ 

to- 

19 

Tt^j?  nstt^n 

n-im  srn 

In  20  to  99  the  tens  are  the  same  for  masculine  and  feminine, 
but  the  units  are  as  from  3  to  9. 

In  compound  numbers  over  20  the  units  and  tens  are  connected 
by  ^ ,  the  units  either  preceding  or  following. 

300  to  900  are  expressed  by  rilK^  ^^^^  *he  construct  of  the 
feminine  unit  preceding. 

3000  to  10,000  are  expressed  by  CSSs  ^i*^  t^®  construct  of 
the  masculine  unit  preceding. 


NUMBERS.     ORDINALS  61 

20  D       D^^\yS  50  3     D^'ti^on         80  a    D^5b^ 

30*:      U^^h^  60  D       U^^'p  90^  D'^Iptt^ri 

40  a    D^ssnK       *ov    n^vnt 

•    T       :  -  ■     :     • 

100  p  r\^r2  est.  nsf? ,  200  n  a^ns^ ,  ^00  ir  th'^ 
nis;::,  1000  )rhi^,  2000  c^sbs,  3000  c'^abs  ntyb^, 

)......  •  -    :     -  •    T    -:  V  : 

10,000  HM-l,  20,000  C^nlSI- 

Ordinals 

88.    The  ordinals  from  1  to  10  only  have  special  forms.     For 
those  over  10,  and  even  under,  the  cardinals  are  used. 

Masculine  Feminine 

3d  ^t'h^  r\'t'b^ 

4th  ^s^^n-i  n^V'51 

5th  T'^ri  DT'^D 

6th  -^^ty  ri^'u^t;^ 

7th  ^T^'^  n'Tnp 

8th  ij'^;^*^  r\'yr2^ 

9th  "^s-^trri  n^y^ri 

loth  ''n*'\y2?  ri'^n'^^ys 


PARADIGMS 

OF    THE 

VERBS 


64  SIMPLE   VERB 

n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n    n  n 

g  £;  c;  c;  c;  c  sn,  c  c  c  c    t;  c 

5  fx r^ nL niL r^ r^ riL r^ m  riL  nir^ 

3       HE-  E  c;  -^  E  r;  p 

a  *— 

o  o  n-  n-  o  n*^  n-  o  n-  n- 

•^  fA:^  r^  nil  nil  rvii  fAii  rv  ni  rvi  r^ 

w      n  £;-  E  E  '^  G  G  p 

a  "^ 

n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n      n-    n-   n-  n- 


» 


po  n 


"  E-  r;  G  H^  E  G  P 


P5 


wl      ri:r^-r^rv:n::rv::rvnrf>:     r^    rv: 

3  ^^    ^         HE-  G    E    -^    E    E    P 

^^'     r^nLnLni.ninLni.nLnL     nL    r^nLix 

*^         "^         n    E^^  E    E    '^    E    E    P 

^  i^  f5i  n^  j^  B^i  f^  nil  f?^  nil  f>:  E:  E.  {^.  E: 

s      n  E^  E  E  '^  E  E  p       -^.  ^  ^  j:^ 
-        ij  '^ 

f}*L  f^  f^  f^  f^  fyz  r^  f^  r±.     r^ 

M  J^  J^-.J^  J^  J^  .J^  J^  ,>r  J^  '" 

n    E-^  E    E    '^    E    E    P 
IJ    '^ 


.J^ 


H 


5      ,JQ 
E  CO       COC<lC<<THCOC^C<JtH2        c3 


SIMPLE   VERB  65 

n  n    i^:  e  c  e  5c  j-  e  e  e  g:  n 

E"  E"     rAi  E"  E"  E"  E"  fxi  E"  E"  E"  g^i  E" 

^  v^       K    ^     ^     ^     ^     f\     ^     ^  '^     f\  ^ 

n  n       n 

K  E^  E-  E-  5c-  K  E*^  E*^  E'^  pr  n- 

JnT-  Til  r V:  r vi  ni:  •t:  r vi  n,  rill  ViT  ^^ 

-^    j^  ^  .j^  J^  4-  J^  J^  -X^  '^  j^ 

n       n 

n-  H'     J^!  E    E    E    X    Px!  E    E'  E    R  13 

nir^  It- r^  rii  r^  r^  ,k- rvi  nil  ni.  *  ^  r> 


a  ^r  !^  ir^  'ri-va  \^\^\^  ii 


r>i 


£1    Vfj:         I:'      a      a    va      a    V    VCJ:  v<3    v£J:     -^         ^ 

j^  ^.  -^  j^  j^  j^  J^  -P  ^  j^  -ri:-r^  J^ 

'^  n  '^  n  '^  n 


ni.  m.    K  E    E    E    X    fx,  E    E    E    Pv.     13 

^  p-  -J  \x  j^  x^  j^  -4^  s  j^  s^-^    s^ 

n       n 

VZ:  XZ'      r?vH  E"  E"  E'  5^=-  ^H  E"  E"   E"   f^^     rx'. 

J^J^^^    J~^  J^  .X  J^  4- J^  .X  j^^      -^      I 

ni  rii  K  E  E  E  v^  pv  E  E  E  Pv   J^  r^i 
^  xa    Vr  r^  r  vi  Till  r vi  Vt:  r  V,  r±i  rii  V  a  a 

-P  -!;.  J^  f*  9  ?  ?  i^  '^  fj  ^?  J^  -^  J^ 


n 


S^  S^  S^  S^  -i-  X^  J^  S^-^ 


n        n 


e6  b   GUTTURAL  VERB 

^  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n        n  n 

3  &  &  &  &  &  D  &  1^  &  &         &  & 

2  e-  G-  G'  £;■  r;-  G'  c  c-  c;-  g-         e-  c 

g  ,1^' .j^- j^>  :i^' J^' J^",J^' ,J^' :j^.  .j^'        .j^..j^" 

5  n  o  n  j='  c  n  n  n  n  n         c  c 
^       n  c^  £;  c  '-  e  c  p 

a  — 

J  n-  n*-  n-  n-  n-  n-  n-  n-  n-  n- 

3  &  &  D  &  &  &  &  &  &  a 

g  n  o  n  n.  n  sz  n  n  c  n 
"       n  &  G  r;  -^  c  c  p 

a  '^ 

^  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n-  n-    n-  n- 

H&  &  D  &  &  &  D  &&  &  &    ^  a 

^         &  j^- xr^.  :j^.  :J^.  :j^.  :ij^.  j^.  j^- :j^.  ,j^-,j^:  j^.:ir- 

g        «  F.  Fh  c  jz.  n  f-  n  i=  n  f-,  n-    n  f-. 

^    ^    S  n  o  n  H'  n  c  n  n  n  n 
p   -<           n  &  e  c  '^  e  c  ^ 

g  ^\,  ^   &   &   &   D   &   D   &   &  D   &     ^   s^ 

s  .1^.  jT^"  vT^.  :j^' vf^' j^".j^' <j^' :ir-.  .x^',j^:  j^'.j^-. 

J^        s  n  o  tz  n-  n  n  c  n  n  n  n-    n  n 
n  &  c  e  -^  e  c  p 

M 

*-*.     *-i.     *-^.     *-^.     M-k-     M-%-     M-^.     M-%.     r^-  |— .     r-k-  |— .      |— .        < 

:^  &  ^  D  &  a  &  &  &  &  k  &    k  k  ■ 

6  n  n- 1=  iz.  c  j=  JZ  JZ  jz  ^  jz-  i-'  -t 

a  '^ 


C' 


J   'D"  '&1  *&•-   a-   D"  *&•:.  '&  •  '&  •  "D"  D"  a"  '&  •  "&• 

<  j^.  j^-xr^'  :j^'  xr^.  j^- j^-  j^.  :j^'  j^  j^  j^,  j^ 

«  JZ  jzh  jz  JZ'  n  JZ  JZ  JZ  Jz  jz-  f>  n  Jz 
n  Ji;-  J^  c;  '^  c;  c;  p 


P-l 


i 

a 

c« 

H 

Oh 

, 

» 

bo 

OQ 

h  GUTTURAL   VERB 


67 


n  n 

n  n 
n 


•*:>fc  C'  C'  C'  ■^■*  -^  n* 

g  ij  ii  D  &  |;  D 

*-  n  n  n  n  t=  n 


'^  «^  S 

H  £i  |: 

C    E  t. 

c  n  *- 
n 


r^^  E-  E-  E-  X^^  £^^  E-  E^  E-  r;^     13- 

^  D  &  &  &  f:  &  D  D  ^:  & 

*-  c  n  n  r:  V=  n  n  n  ■-    n 


n 


n 


n    n      f.    E    E    E    X  ^    E    E    E   i^      H' 

•&  D  f:  '^  ^  &  ^  v^  &  ij  &  ^:  D 

:r^  XT .   *!  j^  ^  j"v  s  -i  :j- ,  XT  yx^i  4     j^ 


r  C 


1—'        J '       J ■        * '        M-=~         M-^f      1 ^~%t' 

n  '^  n 


& 

D 

j:. 

ir^ 

n 

ti 

r-kt 

n 

n 

n 

D- 

& 

j^-:!!^ 

n 

n 

WT- 

'^t 

n 

D 

& 

J"- 

IT 

E 

n 

n 


r^   E   E   E 

•J     J^.  ^M  j:. 
^    C    C    E 


-     E    E    E 
f^,    ^'    SJ'    *J' 

^  n  c  n 


& 


v:   £,    E    E 

n   ^  E   E   E   *- 
n        n 


&  I 


E    E    E 


13 
D 

E 


^    £j»-    D*"    LJ": 

E    E    E 


ri    E    E    E 

f::  ii  jj  sj 

*-    E    E    E 


:«  f^;  E  E  E  f; 

Xm  -J      vj:.,  j:...  vjx,  -J    ' 

E    t    E    E    E    *= 

1! 

D' 

^ 

E' 

*-%H      *^          *-^H 

E          E 

X   f.    E   E   E   ^: 
E^  f    E  f"^^ 

E 

«-%H  ^^     *-%». 

E          E 

5c  f.  E  E  E  r; 
iJ  R  y  iJ  iJ  i^ 

E    t    E    E    E    *=^ 

E 

E« 


E 


E 


O4  M     CO 


CO       ec       (M       (N 
bib 


CO      c^      c^ 


68  :?  GUTTURAL  VERB 

n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n 

g  c;  £;  i:;  c;  c  c;  c;  c  c;  5  c;  c; 

5  n-  n--  n-  n-  n-  n-.  n-  n-  n-  nr  n-  n-: 

Si  n  r  vP'  r'  vF'  r  r'  r'  vr'  j~  n  r 

g  r^n-  n  n  n  n  n  n   n  r~  r-n 
S       n  &  c  e  '-  G  n;  j? 


I  g  r-n-  n  n  n  n  n  n  n     r- 
J  (^      n  &  G  c;  '^  e  c  p 


03 


S    .  ^  n=  fi-  n  n  n  n-n.  n  n  n-ri'^  nrn^ 

1  s  r=  r  vp'  r'  vp'  p  p'  p'  vp'  p=  p  p  p 

h;    I  e:  r~  n-  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  r"  f;;-  r-  n 
;^  -§           n  &  G  c  '^  c;  c;  p         '^ 


P  p' 


h:; 


*-%.    *-^.     r-h'    r\'     r\.    *-%•    *-%.  m-\.     m-\.  |— .    *-*•  j— .    |— . 

^      D      D       &      &       &      &      &  &       D  ^H  ^  ^H  ^H 

'^  w  n-  pi'vc  p.  ^p'  pi-  p.  P'  vp.  p.  p  p.  p.. 

a 


p  &  G  G  '^  c  c  '^     ^  ^     ^  ^ 


d  p.  Prvp-  p.  vp.  p."  p.  p.vo     .P   P      P'  pr 
^   ^   a-  O   ^    ^   ^   ^   ^    ^      a    o      ^   ^ 

p  £.-  c  £;  -^  e  p  p         'J 


g  a  c^ 

a 

<4H 

a 

g   CO       CO 

C<l 

C<I 

tH 

CO 

(M 

p-l  " 

'P^ 

H     4J  CO         -<      q         C4H 

CO      5    o       d      w 


^  GUTTURAL  VERB  69 

n  n     £;  n;  g  c  jc  £;  c  c  c  g  u 

n^-  n-    *A  n-  n^^  n--  n:^  l^-  n-  n--  n*^ !-':  rv 

r  vr     In-r  r  r  r  k  vr  r  ^r  U-  n 

j-i  n     '    r-  r"  n  r^  >-'   n  n  n  '  r" 

n  n       n 


fl  E  E  E  JCi  p.    E  E    E  Fj      u 


Vr-r  r  r  r  J^  vr  r  vr  J^   r** 
n  n  n 


|;7-  |;7-  n     1^  n      fy     r\      H 


n^-  n-  fi;.  E  E  E  3Ci  f|-  E  E    E  7t  U* 

r  vr  jJ  n-  n-  n^  n- }-"  •  n-  n^  n:  W  j> 

n  n  Lr  r  r  r  k  vr  r  vr  L-  r 

*-  p-  '    r~  r-  n  r~  14  n  n  n  '  f~ 


Hi  vc.    W  c  n  C'  n  ^  vn.  n.  vc  ^    R 


n  vn    ^;  &  D  D  ^  ^  D  D  &  ^;    n  n 
^  a     ^  n  n.  n;  c  §  vn  cvn.  ^     ^  § 


p-    -■  a  ^  a  a  ^^  n  a  a 

n  n 

'^   •  •  •  •  2 

aCOCO<M(Mr-lCO        COC<l  C^rHH 


70 


a  GUTTURAL  VERB 


^  n-  r>  o  n-  n-  o  n-  n-  n 
^  r%H  i\*-  rif;  riH  5^t-*  »\*-  *^i-*  r%H  5^ 


5^f 


£  I!'  13  vn.  u.  vl3'  13  O  H'  vH'      H- 

o  r  r"  r  r  r  r  r  r  r    r 
n  &  e  e  *"  c;  e  ^ 


^  n  n  n 

d    S^:V    Pi."    l^:- 

w  13  vi3  vi3. 

fc  *"     *■     I — 


H  »\'*  5-^'*   S^S' 
S  13'   13  vi3 

ph  r  r*^  r 


sz- 

n 

n= 

H: 

H: 

H: 

n- 

fj 

n- 

n- 

n-. 

l^:- 

5^:. 

n: 

n-:- 

5^: 

5^1- 

f>v' 

PI." 

5^' 

13' 

V13' 

V13 

13' 

13 

V13 

13 

13 

13 

vl3 

r 

r 

r 

r 

r 

r 

r 

r 

r 

u 


IW    5^-:    r*:-   5^:.-  P%:-    r*i 

13'  vl3'  13   13'  13'  vl3' 

r  r  r  r  r  r 

E  E  '^  n:  E 


13    1^         13:    13 

i^     r  r     r  r 


13« 


f\y  nt  n»-  s^»-  Pi" 
.q  13'  13  vl3'  H'  ^13' 

"       HE- E   G 


S^t  5^"  nt-  5^H 
13   13   U'  vl3' 

r  r  r  r 


i3   13 

^  r 


Pir  PI 
H    13 

r  r 


«+H 

a 

«fH 

a 

C<i 

c^ 

C^ 

tH 

CO 

P4 

(M 

(M 


a   GUTTURAL  VERB  71 


^r  c^  G^  c^  5<:^  ^:  c^  c^  c^  cr    U'^ 

*    r  r  r  r  I-  r  r  r  '       r 


V13    Vil:  JJ      13      Q    Vl3      13    'J-'    V13:  Vl3    Vl3:     }J  ^ 

r  j;:    ^  r  r  r  r  f:  Kr  C     r 
'^  n  "  n  "^  n 


^- 1^-  n.  J^*-  ri^  Pit  PI-  f{:  PI-  pii  n-  ;^r  fj^ 

13^13  f^  13   13    13   13    f?  vij:  13  V13:  II  li- 

r  r  '  r  r  r  r  i^  r  r  r  '^  ' 
n                              n       n 


K^j^.    i=;  ji=  o  n  0  fe  o  n  C:  & 


n 


I 


13  vX!        ^    rlr  pir  pI.   S^^   ?}:    ^1    ^.    rl    ?;        13    1! 

r  r     f?  13  13  n  13  U  vi3  n  vn  ^     r  f 
,H     J    ^  |-  ^.  i-  j^  ^  i_  ^  I-  f^ 


*^'   -^..  -^..  ^    -^=    »^     5^;  jP^,    5p^,   *^. 

^13  13  vn 

r  r  r 
n       n 

^  .        .  .         .  " 


72  kS  verbs 

^  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n    n        n  n 

pq  C"  Hi"  C"  t^"  Ci  •  Hi"  Ci  •  C"  C      C  •  C"  C" 

2  13'  13'  13'  13'  13'  H'  H'  13'  13'     13'  13'  13' 

W    Jfl:     iil    v:y|:     Jfl:  V^^:     ^^l      ;^:  J^:  vjfl:        :^:  5>|:     :>! 

w      n  i:;- 1:;  c;  '^  £;  i:;  p 

a  -^ 

^  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n    n 

i^  13    13    13    13    13    13    13  13    13      13 

w   n  r;-  j:;  j:;  -^  c;  1:;=  :? 

a  -^ 

n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n-  n-  n-  n* 

ta  13  13  13  13  13  13  13  13  13   13  13  13  13 

S  ^  p  r;-  £;  ji;  25  c;  1:;=  p  ^      2^ 

g  1   13  13  13  13  13  13  13  13  13   13 

^  ^   n  c;-  c;  c;  '^  c;  i:;  p 


> 


X  13'^ 

^^  13  13  13  13  13  13  13  13  13  U'  13'  13'  13' 

^   n  t;-^  c;  c;  '-  n  c;  p        '   « 

^I^^^r^  ^       ' 

^  S  3-  S  S  S'  S  S  S-  S*  ^:  S*  ^,  ^. 

S  X  x^  X  x  Mi  X  X  X  X  3  3c  ^  ^ 


n  r;*^  i:;  t;  '^  c; 
a 


^  X  ^  X  X 


13-  U"-  !!•*  H-  13-  13--  13  13  13-  13  13-  13  13 

H  ..  ..   ..   ..   ..   ..  ..  ..   ..    ..   _       ^ 


94  U) 


3^ 

%- 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

XXX 

5 

M 

n 

i:;'^ 

c; 

«^ 

a 

R^ 

X 

e 

1   a 

«M 

a 

«4-4 

a 

*^"                S  i:^ 

i 

S^ 

CO 

0^ 

cq 

rH 

CO 

<N 

C^       rH      2    O 

li 

fS  ^ 

P« 

»5 

Kb  VERBS  73 


n  n    £;:.  c  e  e  x  £-;  e  e  e  g:  13 

E"  E"     ci\  E"  E"  E"  E"  c\^  E"  E"  E  ■  <-■,  E" 

U'   13      ii    13'  13-  13  13'  U  13    13'  13  U  13' 

n  n  n 

w  E  E  E  m:  w;  e  e  E  fj:  13 

y,  13  U  n  2  y  13    13  13  n.  13 

n«  n-      Ji!  E'  E'  E'  X  Jj!  E    E  E  ^:  13' 

13    13      t|    H  13  13  13  vti  13    13  13  i!  13 

5s;  ??.    ^  5s;  k  k  5s;  55  55,  5c  ?^.  ^  5s; 

'^  n  "  n  '^  n 

fi    E  E  E  5Ci  fi!  E    E  E  J^:  13 

ti\  13  1!  1!  2  ti  13    13  13  tiV  13 


^    ^      fii  E    E    E    5«    ?i;  E    E    E    ^;      13 

13' 


n 


aCOCOCS(Mr-ICOC0(M(M 
-2  5    ti)  nj 


a; 


:^  v:^  ^  13  13  13  13  ti  H  H  U  ti 

n   n 

n  n  j;,;  e  e  e  55  ^:  e  e  e  f?:  fs 

i3t  1?-  d  n- 13^  i3t  g^  tJ:  n-  II- 1?^  t^:^  ti. 

xjc  ^xa;xM;2^3«;xi<s;^  ^« 

n  n   n      oj 

13  H  W   E  E  E  X  W   E  E  E  ^   13  5^ 

3c  X  3  m-  m-  m  m-  3  ^>i  :^  vM:  3^^  3C  5 


J^~r 


74  rh  VERBS 

^  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n    n  n  n  n 

I  S;  C   C   C;  C   C   C;  R,  g    g  g  R,  R 

I  n  c  c  fc  fc       fc  R  t^    c  '^  *^ 
J  r-  r-  n-  n-  n-  n-  n-  n-  n-  n-  n- 

w       n  -^         a  *— 

J  r-  I"  r  r  r  n-  n  n-  n-    Hi  H'  Hi  n. 

a  '^  p  c  c  c       c  El  P    c  •-  *- 

rrx"  rrx-  rr^"  rT\"'  r^-'  T"  T'*  T*  '^"      ^"'  ^"' 

irn.     ^-*.     jr^.     r\'     ry     r\'     r%.     ^-     pj-        |-.     pj;.  f^-     f^- 

.r,„    r^f    r^,.    ni.    »^i.    »^i-    »=»■■    »^\,»?'-       ^I?"    5?"  r\"    rv" 

^  ^^^^^  -T  ^  4:^  ^:^  -P^-P  ^  -P  -I^ 
«  '^  p  fc  fc  c;       ci  R  -    ^ 

«  t 

s  ^n  ^  ^  si  ti 


nS   VERBS  75 

n  n    t  c  G  c  ?€  i-  c  G  e  p  u 

*^l        '^l  f\:      *T        '^l        '^l        fl*'        r\  *T        '^l        '^l        f\.  '^I 

j^  :j^:  *-}-  j^  ,j^:  j^  ~r^  H=-  ir^:-^-  ir-i-         jt--.. 
n  n       n 

W-.  G-  C-  &  X^^  U 

•i-  jr  ,j^  j^  J^  4- 
i-   »—   ■—  *^    ■— 


n.  n.  K  E  E'  E  5C'  Pi 

«-5"    *-5..  f^.      *-i..    m-\..    *-5..    «-i-     pv^ 

J^)S^:-  -i-^-T    .X^:  J^   J^=  4=- 

n 


,:  E   E   E   X"  r^ 

\      *-5-  *-5-   *T-  r\--    f\ 
-  J^    .J^   .X^   X^: -i- 


E^ 

E*^ 

E- 

o- 

*-5- 

r\: 

r\- 

X^: 

n 

«-5.. 

IT-:- 

jr  :j^:. 

^: 

r 

'^ 

r 

n 

n 

n 

E 

E' 

E. 

*-^l 

«~i" 

v^!. 

n- 

r^.. 

«-i  •• 

*-5.. 

n 

'"S:. 

«-i" 

ir^  ^r-  :x^:- 

J^ 

.J^: 

r 

«^ 

n 

n 

n 

:.  fr.. 

E 

E 

M-\'" 

n 

*T- 

*-5- 

•   m-\- 

n 

«-5.- 

Yf^:- j^  :ir^:. 

JN. 

*- 
^-•k 

«T- 

r 

n 

r^'  vr^I  ^1  E"  E "  E"  ^"  *-5i  E"  E"  E"  J-i'i"  r~*-  U" 

'^      P^H  -V   J^:  X^:  X^    X^    4-    V|:^:  X^    :ir^:  4-  J^  X^> 

n       n 

ri"  E*  ^t-  E'  E"  E'  3iC="  ^H  E"  E"  E*  *^l.  v5J~'  5^!. 

*7^K     #T^t.  #-\  .       «^,-     *v5j.     «v5h     *-^h      f-\          *r5t-     *v^H     *^»-      f\  T-  f-v 

^    IT-:-  '|i^X^:^:X^   ^    -ii   ^J^:  X^   :j^:  M^  J^  -j^      ^ 

n                               n       n  a 


fz       n        ^ 


H 

o     . 

, 

, 

ga 

«M 

a 

<M 

a 

«*H 

a 

«4-J 

gco 

CO 

C<J 

c^ 

T^ 

CO 

CO 

(M 

(M 

P4          . 

S  &0 

f-H 

M    03 

P4 

m       « 

o     £3 
^    p3 


76  JS  VERBS 

^  n  n  n  n-  n-  n  -  n-  n  n-  n- 

w  D  &^  ^  &  D  &  ^  &  a  ^ 

S  n  G-  c  e  '^  e  e  p 
w  '^        o  ' — 


a  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  n    n.  n.   n-  n. 


02  '§ 

g  § 

rj  E             r~k-     ar%.     r^.     r^^  r%-     «-%•     *n-     rk'  ^,r\.        |— .     |-.  r- .     |~. 

13  §^  B  &  ^*-  ^  ^  ^  ^  ^  ^  ^    .r!^  r!^  .i!=  .:^" 


o 


M      -nil 


*-*t  '-^f    r^f    '^f    «~^t   *^"    ^^^    «nH     V#r|:.    *-^t.       jrr^i     grk- 
«-H..V«-li     «-Tii  VJr-|i     *-|..    *-ii     M-ii  v*-ii 


^        HE-  E   E    »"   E   E   :?     *-   *^ 

a  — 


&  P    ^  & 


ga' 

<M 

a 

«f4 

^ 

13  CO 

CO 

C<l 

C^ 

tH 

CO 

<M 

s^ 

'El 

S  »  bo 

M  H-t    00 


JB  VERBS  77 

T^r  E   E   G   X   :;,;  E   E   E   ;;^;    13  - 
^  £•  &  &  fc«  ^  &  ^  &  ^    & 


n.  n.    :;,:  e  e  e  Xv^n^:  e  e  e  :;^'   n* 

h  ^:  ^  D  D  D  &  B  ^h  ^:^   & 

'^  n  "  n  '^  n 


Tz  n  :^;  E  E  E  25  ^^  e  e  e  i^.  h; 

*^t    rr^f  M-\:  rr\y.    r^t-  #^h  rr^*-    m-^..    rr^y.  r^y^.   «^h    *-b:  .*~^ 

«-5..V«-i:  .»-^  *-|:     *-5:  *-5..  *-5:    .»^    v«-5:  «-5..v*-i:    .»^  *J 

^  &  *^  &  B  U  &  ^  la  U  U  ^  - 
n                              n       n 


.r;^S'    ^;  e  e  e  ?c  :^  e  e  e  :i;  ^  n- 

^  p-  ^  &  &  D  a  ^  &  &  &  ^   ^  £i 


,  o    .  .  .  .  r 


P«  1-4  ca 


OS  ^ 

H  CO       CO(M<NrHCOCOC^(MrH  H 


78  :?:?  VERBS 

o  ri'  fi  vf|,  rj.  vf|,  fj.  fj,  fj,  vf|. 

p^  n  n-  n  n  n  n  n  n  n 

n  £;-  n;  c  '-  e  g  p 

^ppppppppp 

o  n=  n  vfi.  fi'  vfi'  fi  fj-  n.  vfi' 

^  n  n-  n  n  n  n  n  n  n 

r:  c-  c  c;  '^  e  c;  p 

a  ^ 

^  0>  vQ.    0>    0>    Q>  vQ.   0>    0>    O  Q> 

g  n  n-vfi  n  vn  n  n  n  vri        n 
w      ^  E-^  £  £  "^  £  £  ^ 

S  ^  ^  H:  H:  n-  n-  n-  n  n-  n-  n-  o  n-  n-  n» 

g      I       a    Q:  VQ:     Q      Q      Q    VQ:     O      Q.     Q         Q:     Q:        H  vQ: 

g  I  5  n  n-vn  n  vn  n  n  n  vn    n  n    n  s\ 

>^        S       M  |—     .«—      .M—     ,m—      rr-     .«—     .#—     .M—  m- 


ri 

Q 

n 
n 

Q 

5^   '< 


r\y.    r\y.    rx"    m-%-    *-%••    r-%v    *~^ "  «^"   «"%••       t~.     |— .        |— . 
r-fc.  ur^.     r-h.     «-*.     «-».  ..r-fc.     r^,     a-fc.     r\,       »—     J—        ■■  — 


'  :5   Q.  VQ.    Q,    Q.    Q.  vQ.    Q.    £|.    Q.      }i^.    |f^       |f^,    {^, 

n  ^  n  n  vn  n  vn  n  n  n  vn    [^  P    ^  '^: 
£      '^  £-  £  £  "^  £  £  p        "        ' 


Q*  va>   0>    Q>   Q*  vO>   O'   Q>   0>     .a    Q^    XI  VQ 

'^  £-  £  £  "^  £  &  p        n 


J 


M 

^4 

d 

«f4 

a 

«H 

5 

s^ 

CO 

<M 

0^ 

tH 

CO 

(M 

C^ 

tH      g 

£^ 

'El 

►S 

as- 


'V   VERBS 


79 


n  n 


Q 


P  9    h 


G    C    C    X^ 


I^^QQQQI^QQQ 


Q 


c  e  C 


n  t; 


n 


n 
e  c  c  X  w  c  c  c 


n  ^ 


qqqqPqqq 


n  ^  s 


Q 


rt  rt.  n 


H  n  n  n  n  f|  vn  n  vn  n 
' "  n  n  n  n  U  n  n  n  '^ 


a 
fi 


H  n  n  n  n  h  ^n  n  vn  J^ 
'^  n  n  n  n  'J  n  n  n  ^ 

n       n 

:;^GCC2«:-ECCP 

8'  5  5  vQ.  5  'Q  5  v5>  5-  & 
"  n  n  n  n  14  vn  n  vn  ' ' 

n       n 


Q 

n^ 
n 


Q 

n 


2 
n 


n- 

rj 

Q 

n 

e^ 

E^ 

E- 

v:- 

vQ 

n 

E 

E^ 

E 

vQ: 

Q 

Q 

Q 

vQ 

Q 

Q 

vQ 

Q 

n 

vn 

n 

n 

n 

n 

vn 

n 

vn= 

ri- 

«- 

n 

n 

n 

n 

c; 

G 

E 

X 

vQ. 

n 

E 

E 

E 

VQ. 

Q. 

Q' 

Q- 

vQ. 

Q- 

Q' 

VQ. 

Q 

n 

vn 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

vn 

n 


Q> 

n 


Q 

n 


Q: 

n 


Q- 

n 


n  vn 
n 


U  E    E    E    ?? 


Q 

n 


Q 

n 


n       n 

E    E    E 
vQ    Q  vxi 


n  n  Q  Q  ., 

n  r\  n  n  v^  n  f\  n 

n       n 

{  ^^  E-  E-  E*^  tC,W  E    E-  E 
}={    Q    Q  ^Q    Q    ii    Q  VQ    o 


Q 

n 


n  n  n  n  14  vn  n  vn  ' ' 


n 


CO 


C<J        tH 


CO 


n 


a   CM 


^%iri    Q   Qk 


n  P 
n  n 


80 


•fij  AND  ^3J  VERBS 


n 


# M-^f    *-*..    *-^..    *-%..    «-^       M-^.'    ry..    w^ 

n  £:-  c  £;  *-  n;  c  '- 


n  n 


1% 


POLAL,    DDIp;    HITHPOLEL,    DtolpriH 

§  S  S  vS'  S'  v5'  5  S'  5'  vS' 
g  a  13-  8  g  u  n  o  13  n 


n  c-  e  c  *- 


^  n  n  n  n  n  n 

g  a  n*^  n  n  13  u 
§      n  e*^  £;  c  '- 


J  H:  n=  n-  n-  n-  n^ 


c;  c  p 


5;.    §    g  a    13-V13  vU  vH    13 


n. 


HH     J!!  *■*»•    *^H    «"*••    JT-^"    *^- 


n 

13 

a 
n- 

13 

.4 — 

a 


n  n 

13    13 


11  vb 

J —       jr- 


P^  i—  .J—  J—  .«—  «T- 


2  a    U-  13    13    13    13 

«       n  C'^  c  c   '^ 


*nt.    *-^"    *-%••    r^- 


13 

E 
a 

m 

13 

e 
a 


P-  P- 
E:  ^ 

13    13 


a 


n 
a 


ri_n. 


ri-n. 


n 

n.   ^  ^ 

a    a  S 


r>_vn 


a  13 


O    3         tH  9         «M 

NCO       CO       C<«       <M 


I 


n 

H 

a  bo 

)-H     09 


V;  AND  ■'P   VERBS  81 


;^         t'  n  n  vn  n  ^'  n  ^n  n  "  n    — 

gi-  *•  r         r         M-         r         *~%       r         r         r         *•  •— — 


Hi.  r^   w  c  e  c  5C'  w  e  c  e  ^^         o 


u  vu 


i^  n.  r^  n_p-J^  n_  n.  n_i^  n. 

13       13  S      5       O     S      5      §    vS:     S    V^:      ^  5: 

'^  p*^    "  a  a  13  a  i^  13  13  13  "  o 

n       n 

:;^cee2c:-ecGP  u 

{^  nL  JSl  fSii  nL  o^vfS^  KhviSl  G^  J5l 

"  o  a  13  a  ^  13  u  13  "  a 

n        n 

n-  o    K  E-  E^  t>  5$  vK  G^  '^•^  c;"  n^vrr  i3 

b  a    ^  a  a  b  a  ^  a  11  a  a  a  £, 
'^  n                  '             n  '^  n 


n    n      fx    E    G    E    X  vrx    G    G    E 


>X     I:,     1:,     l:,     ^   vfA     !:•     *:.     t.     r\  iT 

a  a  o  S  a  ^  a  5  a 
n  '^  n  '^  n 


S  a    a  s  s  5  S  g  g;^^  5  ^  a  a 


i^        n        ^ 

g  .         .  .         .  I     a 


«  2 

a  bb  -a  -"^       ^ 


82 


•»©  VERBS 


§  n  n*^  n  n  n  n  n  n  n    n 


n 


n  &  e  £; 


c;  I? 


la 


S  &  v&  vD»  "&'  oD'  v&  D'  '&'  v'&' 
-  ^  ^  n  n  n  ;^  n  n  n 


n 


n  ^  P  ^   P   :P  i^  P  i^  ^  ^  H; 

<j  "&•  '&  v'D'  ■&'  vD'  '&••  D'  '&'  vD»  S. 

w  n  n*^  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  ^ 

^  &  &•  &'  &' vD^  &•  &•  &'  v&  ^^::  & 

3  n  n-^  n  n  ji  n  n  n  n  P  fi 


n    n 


n 


n 

r 

.^rl. 

-r^ 

& 

& 

n 

n 

*- 

& 

& 

n 

n 

X 


^  rj  rj  n  n  n=  n=  n^  n=  n^ 
^  M  Fi  fiH  n  ^  n  fi  n  n  n 


jr         *- 


p  p 
n  fi 


g'  ^  n  n-  n  n  n  n  n  n  n    n 


n 


n  n 


cf4 

a 

«H 

a 

<+H 

CO 

C<l 

<M 

tH 

CO 

(M 

(M 

5  S 


I 


''B  VERBS  83 

^     &     &     §     S    ^   v§.    g  vg.  ^  §. 

' '  n  n  n  n  y  n  n  n  "         n 
n       r: 

v&  v&     ^   5   &  v§   §  ^^  vD  v§  v&  ^    &      D 

ha   "^  h  h  h  h  Q  Q:fx  i\:^  ^    fi 
'^  n  -^  n  '^  n 


n:  n     ^  e  c  c  sc  ^.  c;  c  c  p. 


' ^  n  n  n  n  14  n  n  n  *" 
n       n 

•j^fc!  C-   C-   C"  3^*  •^'  (w  f^'  C=  .^'  vST! 

"  n  n  n  n  y  n  n  n  "  n 
n       n 


H:  n=    5^    c  c  c;  3C:  :^  =  m:  £;=  r;:  p^         a 

V£l    V^:  jJ      ^       a    V^       a    V    V^:   V^    V^:     f*  ^J. 


& 

V^: 

n 

n 

,F^ 

*~^»- 

n 

fci 

V&: 

n 

n 

M^ 

*-*H 

n 

h  fl.   ^  h  h  h  h  P  q.  h  ft  n 
n  '  n  *"  n 


&^ 

n 

^^^ 

ra 

OQ 

cd 

Ol 

*- 

«-  1 

^ 

^ 

n 

n 

TO 


*■  ■    ^U'     *"  '    r".    r~.    ir.   •y.   «"  •    r~.  r~.  fT~.  ^r-^.    ■— i  j-      r  *• 

a  vQ.    -    c;  f.  c  ^  ^  f.  c;  r;  ^  v^  ^,  ^ 

'^  F*^   '^  n  n  n  n  y  n  n  n  ^  n         ^ 

r.  r^  ^ 


g  .        .  .        .  s     g 

r     •  .  .(J  cij 

^03  Al  ^  P-( 


84 


SIMPLE  VERB   WITH    SUFFIXES 


00  "S— 


nr 

Hr 

flr 

fV. 

n.- 

nr 

Ht 

fir 

^ 

g». 

a* 

a- 

a* 

a' 

¥|%^ 

J%- 

j%- 

j\- 

-r 

JN- 

JN' 

^— 

f~i 

■C*" 

f~' 

E" 

^ 

Fl 

JJS 

•~ 

•"* 

t— 

S— 

5^ 

■" 

nr 

n:- 

f>- 

f\- 

l>_ 

n." 

nr 

n. 

a- 

£|h 

qi 

Ql 

gll 

a- 

a- 

j\. 

".r. 

JN- 

JN_ 

J\- 

J^ 

JN - 

JN- 

a 

c 

£••■ 

C" 

C' 

s 

li; 

a 

a 

b 

a 

a 

a 

|V. 

nr 

fir 

nr 

nr 

^1 

^r 

1 

-^- 

^^ 

-P- 

~ 

§:■ 

1 

1 

G: 

Q: 

f 

nr 

nr 

I>r 

n: 

>Pr 

^'- 

a- 

1 

-r- 

a 

a" 

1 

a 

1 

1 

gj 

»^' 

gf 

gf 

1 

n.; 

gf 

V|\^ 

jN~ 

j%~ 

Vj\ 

JN-» 

p 

c- 

»- 

1 

p 

vE 

^ 

p 

^ 

J^. 

|V. 

n:- 

jv- 

n." 

n:- 

nr 

n:- 

-p*^ 

Ok 

a 

a' 

a< 

a' 

a- 

"^L 

-E: 

^ 

"£: 

! 

;£" 

JN 

'^ 

K 

h^ 

ni- 

r?- 

Q."    n.- 

|v       !>.. 

n:-    n;- 

n:      n: 

n. 

a-    a^ 

Qh        fl** 

a'     a- 

a 

a'     a' 

a*" 

a* 

xj^-  ~r 

yr\i    ix^i 

j\-  j\. 

^•■ 

j^-   j^-. 

V|% 

JN- 

JN- 

n    "" 

|~-       E 

^e^    e 

ve 

ve     e- 

CI 

*c 

^P 

«T- 

j; 

P     -^ 

fc 

fc     ^ 

l^ 

p 

- 

nr 

|V. 

nr 

n: 

n.- 

£1^ 

Of. 

a> 

a- 

-T: 

V|\^ 

J^- 

JN 

JN- 

1- 

F- 

^ 

F 

^ 

n.- 

n.- 

n.- 

n:- 

n.- 

fl^ 

a- 

1 

1 

a- 

a< 

JN- 

Y/^' 

X- 

IfN 

JN- 

F- 

F^ 

1 

1 

'^ 

^P 

p- 

n.- 

fl:- 

n: 

n.- 

n.- 

C|i- 

fl"- 

qT 

v^^ 

fii 

V|\, 

JN, 

J\- 

J\_ 

IT 

JN- 

f 

c- 

^C' 

vC- 

? 

v£; 

w 
"3. 


SIMPLE   VERB   WITH   SUFFIXES  85 

S-"  &"  f^  ri>      O^ 


a-  fl- 


g:  nr  fx^  F       Q: 


S:  R"  fl= 

•ft^  -ft*  ^ 


a  -a  If  «      -t:       a 


-g-         I  ^ 


11' 

1 

1 

1 

1 

a      a 

s 

8 

° 

1 

nr 

p 

1 

a 

1 

^ 

1 

II 

h.  hi- 

f  1- 

a" 

1 

1 

f 

1 

? 

i 

a- 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

fi 

1 

1 

§-- 

1 

nr 

nr 

ni 

a* 

a- 

<j- 

-i> 

uy 

lr\ 

hi         hi      hi-      9^. 
a-         a       a-     v^ 


5  g  S  5  8 


«  "  « 


B  S  S       =^         ^5  3 

.5  A  ^      i        -^    -i,     ^ 


86  SYNOPSIS  OF  VERBS  WITH  WEAK  RADICALS 


SQ 


r^^lg  ^ 


n  n  n  fi   fl  n 


O        --    n   n   n   f^   g^   P   n  ^   n        n   f^ 


--   a  ^^  g:  a  5  5  5  g-  p- g-  g-  a  s 


n   ^ 


n  n^  n  n 


g. 


P-    P-    &    P-    P- 

*a  vfl   5   a   a 


w 

EH 


pi 


£1 


O'  vo-  a<  a-  X]  XI  \n 
n   fihvn   n   n  n  n- 


n  ^ 


ii"^  n 


•*-'  xi  j^   Q '  n=  n 


n  '^  vn  n 


n 


*-»>-    »-»t .  »-»i-    «-«i-y«Tt:.    »:«i     *:»■•    t.r     F~.     C 

S  4^:^?I  .P  ^>^  ^  ^'  &  S 


^^?:^ 


^'  ^       ^  f; 


o    a    k.  Q'  o- 
n  vp    rl   '^    1 
£•■ 


^'vis*  n-  pj-^  «; 


M 
O 


n 


»-»•     »-»•       »-.      r-       «-». 


iJ"  XJt  O-^  Q*^  H     13     J3-   ^ 

36     Xh  %     i^    -36     3C     %•    S'   M 


e-  h   e-  .J3  U" 


2 "2  2 


S  2' 


^  •& 


1^ 

5?   U        !2   .S    ^ 


SYNOPSIS  OF   VERBS   WITH   WEAK  RADICALS 


87 


r=  n-  n=  f'  o 
n  g:  n   "   n 


^:  ^, 


n   n  ^  ^ 


n 


n.  CL  fx- 13- 


a   a 


n. 
a 


^^l^f 

a   D   S   «■ 

{£  £  Hr  r- 

1 

G   C  f: 


n  n  5-.  13 

K,    5\.    Cl   ?; 


a   a 


n   n   'A   n 
''   n 


P  9  h-  ^^ 
n   n  ^   P 


n   n 


r:  nr  n^  ?jr  c 
n  ^n   n   "  n 


X^   1^  fe,  5 


«;  «!  of  i3- 
^  ^  §  f 


tr  «r  hi  13- 

^  ^  s  s^ 


»T1.  ^  r^,       *^'     ^        St- 


FS  l;'S' 
■&  ^  **  ■& 


•*     »m     t,"    r|_  »»t-  •n"  ^-    fi- 


n   n   n   h'-  O' 


j^-iT:  -p  "n 


t^  c 


x>  13-  ^r  c- 

M=    M=    ti     13 


13'  13-  5,::  13- 
M'  «-  ti.  13- 
X     36     g    g^ 


r-  n-  r 

13    a-  13 


i.  13 


s  g 


n-  n-  £jr  n- 

13-  U-  b\  13 

a   3'  2  3' 


fi  u  !§  s 


ft  p, 


^      .    hJ     &    f:^ 
Ph       (X,    p,  .s    .5    p. 


w:    S'    p< 


h2  «h"  ^    g    ~ 
W   p.  .s  .2    a 


ft  ft 


SELECTIONS   FOE   READING 


n^isn  men  ':5k  ntr^    irmhhn  91 

T  :     - 

(•      •   T  T  :     -  A-  T  T       :  V  :     - 

^nn'?':',-!  Qb^vb  nin-  nasi  i-^on  ir'^s  -oa  •'S 

iT  :     -  T  T       :  V   «  V  :    -  ••    t  -  t         • 

T     •■  T         :  I  -    :      -  T-  -  T     ,"  •  «    T 

-IS3  n^n  nir\]  kti  njon  "Jiina  trK-ns^a 

T     ••  t|:    •-  A      :  •  T  T        :  :--  |V    :     - 

■laK'l  ntra  nttra  nas'i  nipn  "rjina  n^■^'7K 
bstt  r\^hv:  b'^  abn  3-ipn-'?x  -las'i    tmT  9 
■nanx  v"^!?  nai»  nnx  -la^s  aipan  ^s  ti^'^ji 

-      :  -  T    T  ••  T    -  V     -:  It-  •  |    v    :     - 

^i'?s  Ti'3K  ^ibx  ^sis;   -laxn    :sin  tt^np 
ntKi  ino'i  apr  ^ibs^  pnjf  ^ibK  cnnsKiz 

•    :    --  |a    -:-  "  -It:-  ••         r.  t     t    :    - 

ni-i'  nas'i   t  D^-ibs^■':'X  a^ana  xn^  ^s  via 
■nxi  nnijaa  n^s  "as  ^3S-ns  ■^n^s^i  ni<-i 

V   :  •  AT    :      •     :  •/    -;  •    -  •  t:  v  •        •       t  t 


92  -issn  njf  n  b»  nc^a 

lribs?rr^i  nn?:a  i«ip  ib^jfn'p  tiki    trniisa 

V    -:        I     -    -    -  V  •       •      T  -  :        AT    ••  T  T  ••     T  :     • 

Ttn'^tysi  nab  nnsi    :Dnk  D-'snb  on^o  e 

I  -:  ,T     :     V   :  t    :  t   -   :  ,t  •    -:  •    -  :     • 

tansatt  bx-i'S'^-'on  •'isms  KSim  n^is-bx 

•  |T  :     •     •               "     T  :     •       ••   :  •    -  v  ••  :  a      :  - 
V          I T            •                   •          v:   T 

tonsaa  bs-i'^"'  ^)3-ns  x^sis   ■'ai   ni7-iB  9 

•  |T  :     •     •  ••      T  :     •  ••   :  v  •  •    :  A     :  - 

pn??n  an.r^aa  DVn'J^s  ^8';£in?  "^'^n^^ 

,V  -  T     T  -  •  :-.    T 

^rnoxi  '^xTty^  ^33-bK  X3  ^3is  nsn  e\ibxn 

:  -   T  :  ••      T  :     •        ••  :  v  t  •       t  ••  •  •         •••:  r 

:    iT   :  Av    ••     -:  •  -   t      :  v       ••  -:  ••         •••:  v   t 

■Vs  D^'^'?sl  -i»k«i   jdh^x  ittk  na  io^-nois 
•'jsb  noxn  ,n3i;.-ios«v,T,7K'-i^>?  iTHK  ntr» 

v:  v  -  ,v      ..    -:         •    -    T      :  v   :     v  ••     t   :     • 

\ibx  nin^  '^x-itr^  "js-bs  -lOKn  ns  ntytt-bsis 

v:  T        :  ••      T  :      •        ••   : 

^pv  ^i':5K^  pns"  ^i':?K  omas  \i'7K  oiTiiaK 


T      T  :     - 


{"I'l  nhb  nai  mi  D'?i?b  ^aty-m  d3''?k  ^in'^u^ 


-  :  T  :  •   T 

r\'hy\  "in 

-:    T  :  •    T 

'ba  r\^bb  bam  vh  nn-bx  "^iKtr  "iax«i 

V  V     V     T  -  •     T  V  T  V  - 

«im  nnk  -isr-'s  las  Dn'?n':>  nit  "nrbsn 

T  V  •     T  V  -  |T  \    :     •  T     T     :        • 

ni-in-nxi  n^|^  sai  |s^3  ras'p  tj'^?!?  ^^'^ 
vnsm   vnnK   ^ns::i^i    :-nsna   nT   k'u73i 

....  T  -:  -  •         T  T  :  V,"  T    ••  V  T  T  : 

mam  iipD  ^npinm  ^"3^  ap'i  rso  ^nbsm  e 

....  |t  .    .  •  |:  -v:    V    :         -    T  |tt-  a-  •    :     -    •    : 

fi'ias  nan  nn.-i-Da  nsn-riK  qj    :rn^om 

I  Av  :    -  T    •  -  -  '-:  T  V  -  r        •    -:  - 

pi-in  '3  ana  inss  ,-nn  b'^vn  Tity'^an  n^-n 

I ••     ••  -    -    :  V  -  "TV  ■     :     •     :    -  x  t    : 

T(?  'ib^T  Kin  n^in  n^tti  nxn  t»  ^j^an 

T         -         I  ••  •    T  V  T  V  -         AV  -  •     :     •     :     - 

inji  v"itt  nn-n^  ''i^?  ^a'p'.l    n^^  '"'''"'''.12 
-ian«T   nin^y  ins  a^a'^'i  itysn  bv  mm  saip 

I     I     :  •  ••   :    --        A  -  V  ;  -    f 

fiDJ-xb  "3  nsbb  bx'i  vio'p  "^ra  isnn-nx  nil 
'3  n'?S2  nsbb  baiK  Kb  biK^-^K  nn  nttK«ii5 

T  V    V     T  -  T  V  •     T 

ITS  ibpa  np'i   :vbsa  nin  did^i  wd3  kS 

T  :  |:     -  I-  •-  |T  T     ••  •    T  ..  .     :-  a- 

o'tt^'i  bnsn-ja  q^jsk  ^"5'?n  ntz^on  ib-nns'i 

V    T-  I     •  •    T   -:  I  •  \    -  T      •    -.  -     :      - 

IT?  is>'p[5i  ioip>.'3i  l^ni^^K  D'snn  ^bss  ani<i8 


94  ,T*?ai  71'^ 

-:  T  :         •  T 

•  :     •     :    -  ••  -  -  |T  T    :  t  •    -  ••  •    t    :         a-   t 

...  .  .  .   _    .  _  _  T  T  •  A-  :    •  -  •     T  V  V       :  •  - 

.....  ••  I-  :-  A   |:    -    -         -      •  T  T    - 

T    :  A-    T  V  •     :      •     :    -  v  -  ,t  ••  •    t 

_    ..  J  T   -  •     :      •     :    -  V  •    T  V  -  I"  T    - 

Dtt^s  -Tba  X3  ^3ixi  ?n^3ai  n^jnai  anna 

j     ...     ..  T  •       T    :        I       A     •     :  •  -:    -  v  v     : 

T    :     r  ••  V    -:  ••     T   :     •  :  -    -         ••         •••:  t    :  t        . 

<i»"i'.1  pKn  n«nbi  Q^ats^n  ?]is^  njn  Di'ni2 

T  :  ••:  I"     T   :     •  :  •         r.  ••         •        |       v  t    t  t 

nin^  Tt^n'  n^jnsi  3nn3  Kb-^3  n-fn  bnpn 

AT       :        -      •  :  •  -:   -  v  v    :  •.'  -  t  |  t  - 

n^'^^    tin'3  oanx  ?n3i  n^nban  nin^b  '3 15 

T  T    :  r-T  :  V     :    V        I   -  T  :  t    t    :      •    -  t 

•      -   :-         A-  T  -|  :    •  - 1 :   •  -       )•.••-         •     :     •      :    -  I  t 

—     ;•—  i*:':~  ~|!*  TT~:-~       |       tt"  "T 

s"?,"?^]  |3s  n^o  np'i  ^^It'^k  n^,-nK  mi  is 
^ntybfinno  m-n  pin»i    tn^i-is  vob"':'»  bfe'i 

•  :::-!•  •    t  - «  v-  t      :  |T  t  t 


np'i  Titt^bsn-'ijs  -lbs?"!  mi  rn'i    mi-i-'a 

I  -  •  -  •     :     •      :    -  V  -:  -  -  •     t       |        tt  -  i-    t  -  : 

na-nnp'i  innrib^i  nnsno  ns^ty«i  lann-ns  3 
non  01133  na-^3  n^nirbBn  ix-i«i  m?K-i-nx 


I;'- 


D^:?tt;i  ns5J3  ."^bn  sb  T^r^x  tr^xn  nu^x 

^-     T        :  -    -:  -  I  -    T  V     -:  •     t  ••  :     - 

tnty"  x':'  D^ib  aa^aai  -loy  xb  a^xisn  Ti-iiai 

|T    T  •     "  -  :  AT    T  •      T     -  I      V    V    : 

n»i^  nan^  imirai  i:jsn  nin^  niina  dx  ^a  3 

T  V    :    V  T  :  -#    :    V  t        :  -  :  •  • 

V  -:  -.T  •  :     -  -  T  I     ••  T.T    :  t    :  ,t    T 

r\^T  -lU^x  bii  bis^-x':'  inbsi  iri5J3  ?n^  me 

V  -:  -  V    -:  :  a   •  ••    t    :  •     :        I   ••    •  :  • 

ijain-ntrx  fas  ax  ^s  D^:>tynn  p-xb  tn^br  e 

V  :    •  V    -:      I  -  •  •  A-    T       :  |T      I  ••  -      T      :  " 

D-'Xtsm  BBtr^aa  D^:?tyn  lap"  x"?  p-'^s    tm-i 

•    T    -    :         AT     :      •    -  •     T       :  j'T  t  |  ••  -  -         , 

D^p^is  '!m  nin^  ?"tv"P    :o^[5ns  ni?3 


WORD    LISTS 


HEBREW  WORD  LIST 


1.   I3K  T^' father;  est.  ''^Sj  ^' 

3.  J3S  n.  f.  s^one. 

4.  DnnDS  Abraham. 

T      T  :    - 

5.  ri^lX  ^-  ^'  ground, 

6.  "^iblS  adj.  rwdd2/. 

'<'•  n'lX  II-  III-  ^^'s'^- 

8.  *nnX  prep,  q/^er,  n.  85. 

9.  pji{  negative  adv.,  n.  86. 
10.    tt?''^  n.  man  (for  ^^^^  ii- 

60);  pi.  D^tt?3X,  rarely 

D^ty^K;  est.  ^^;;s. 

12.  *^Ji{   adv.    not,    prohibitive 

or  depreeative  w.  impf. 

13.  hVs,    "bS     prep,    to,    at, 

near. 


14.  D^^bS  God. 

15.  QJi^  adv.  and  eonj.  indeed^ 

though,  if. 

16.  n^S  ^-  f-  People. 
1'^-    ni?S  V-  sjpeaA;,  n.  57. 
18-   ''^bS  Amorite. 

19.  rittS  ^'^' firmness,  fidelity f 

truth. 

20.  "^^J^  n.  m.  Ziow, 

21.  |^*^X  ^'  f-  ear^/i,  ?and;  n.  39. 

22.  \y^  n.  f.^re. 

23.  H2^K    n.  m.  only  est.  pi. 

happiness,  blessedness. 

24.  nS,  -nS  particle,  n.  23- 

prep.,  n.  85. 


25.  nttHS  II-  f-  ^e««^- 

T     *•    : 

26.  J^'ig  V.  gro,  come. 


90 


100 


27.  n]3  ^-  ^^spise. 

28.  "ins  V-  choose. 

-      T 

29.  |3    son;    est.   -Q,  -j3; 

w.      sfx.      -^35,     ^p, 

pi.  0^33. 

30.  'niss  "^^  ^w^^j  ^^*^^  ^p- 

31.   ntoS  ^-  ^-  body,  flesh. 


HEBREW  WORD  LIST 

40.  ^'^  n.  m.  pmod,  grenero^Mm. 

41.  ^^^  n.  m.  luay. 

n 

42.  i^JH  V.  meditate. 

43.  H^n  '^^  ^^>  happen. 

T    T 

44.  *?[^n  '^^  ^^>  walk;  n.  70,  d 


32.  *n*)33  adj.  mighty;  n.  ?^?ar- 

nor,  champion. 

33.  ^i33    V.  ?>e  strong;  hithp. 

behave  bravely,  boast. 

34.  ^^3  ^^3*  S'^ea^ 

35.  1*13  n.  m.  people. 

36.  Q3  co^j-  ^^^^>  ^'^^^* 


37.  tt^5*l  Ji-  ^^-  ^o»icy. 

38.  3*1^  n.  m.  6ear. 

39.  ^l-l,   nil*!  DamU 


45.  ^^H  ^'  P^^^j  praise. 

46.  H^n  ^^^-  hither. 

47.  nSn  adv.  6eAoZd.'  n.  86. 

48.  ^^  n.  m.  mountain;  n.  39. 

T 

49.  nj  Pron.  this;  n.  26 ;  p.  22. 

50.  2)1  ^'flow, 

51.  ^31  ^*  ^"  ''^^'^orial. 

52.  ^5^  n.  m.  beard. 


53.  -i3n  V. 

54.   i^n  ^e^'^«- 

65.   pJH    V-  ^«  strong;   hiph., 


HEBREW  WORD  LIST 


101 


56.  SlSn  ^-  ^-  sinner. 

67.  ^n  ^^J-  aZi^'^- 

58.  ,^'H  ^-  ^-  dnimcd, 

59.  D'^in  II-  ^i/*«- 

60.  3^H  ^-  ^-  '^i^^« 

61.  p^n  ^^j-  smooth. 

62.  n^jn  ^1-  f-  ^ear. 

63.  nOn  ^-  ^-  kindness,  mercy. 

64.  f^SH  ^-  ^-  pleasure. 

65.  S^n  ^-  ^-  sword. 

66.  2'nn  ^ore&. 

V 

67.  P|*nH  '^^  pisl;  revile. 

68.  ipin  -BTittite. 

69.  JJ515  V.  sinfc. 

70.  2'lD  adj-  9'<^od. 


71.  *^X^  V.  hipMl,  wishj  strive. 

72.  •'p^S"'  Jelmsite. 

73.  *^^  n.  f .  ^nd,  power. 


74.  SJT'  V.  Arnold. 

75.  a^^  Fa^. 

76.  .Tp^i   ra^w;e;  n.  55. 

77.  BV  n.  m.  day;   pi.  Q'^jp*'. 

Qtt'j*'  adv.,  6?/  day. 

78.  ^5^  V.  hophal,  be  able. 

79.  D^p^^  n.  wallet. 

80.  3p§!  «^«co6. 

^1-  nS'^  2-dj.  beautiful. 

82.  Xl£"^  ^-  co^e,  go  forth. 

83.  pn:^^  /sooc. 

84.  a*^^  V.  ^0  doum. 

85.  ^Sn'tt?''  ^^aeZ. 

••      T   :      • 

86.  ^"1  assertive  adv. ;  n.  86. 

87.  2tt?''  V.  sit,  dwell 

-     T 

88.  5J^^  V.  hipliil,  save. 

89.  ^nrr^  Je^^ro. 


90.  3  ZiA;e,  as. 

91.  ns  adv.  ^Aw«. 


102 

92.  Jp|3  n.  'priest. 

93.  ^3     conj.    that,    for,     he 


HEBREW  WORD  LIST 

108.  p^  V.  scoff. 

109.  npb  V.  take,  n.  64,  ^. 


cause. 

94.  t*l^^^  n.javeUn, 

95.  ^3,    -^3      n.     m.     ^^e 

whole. 

96.  3^3  ^'  ^-  ^^9' 

97.  ^*|P3   ^-  ^-   '^^ssely  instru- 

ment. 

98.  ?3  ^dj.  rtp'ft^,  ^rwe;  adv.  «o. 
99-    "^i^JS  Canaanite. 

100.  r)*^3  V.  CM^  down,  ojf. 


101.  ^^  adv.  no«. 

102.  nsb  n.  f.  /ame. 

T     - 

103.  tt^3^  '^^  pw^  <5^>  clothe. 

-     T 

104.  Dflb  V-  niplial,^^^^. 

105.  rn^  "^^  oppress. 

106.  I^HT'  II-  idl-  oppression. 

107.  nb**^  ^  Di-  w^V'^^- 


110.  *7Q  n.  m.  garment,  armor, 

111.  nSHtt  ^-  ^-  yyilderness. 

112.  ISntt  adv.  w/13/  f 

113.  I*'^^  Madian. 

114.  ^Htt  '^^  P^^l)  hasten. 

115.  n^^  V.  die. 

116.  njHtt  ^-  ^-  camp,  army. 

117.  Q"^tt  ^-  ^'  '^^^ct^er. 

tion. 

119.  ^Sb;?  «^9'eZ. 

120.  n^nbtt  II-  f-  &«^^^«- 

121.  Jf2  prep,  /rom,  because  of. 

122.  nSnSO  n.  f.  6a^«Ze  line. 

123.  J)';:^  II-  111-  c/iajf,  dust. 

124.  ni£^  II-  m-  forehead. 

125.  Q^'nittt  -E^S'!/?^;  Egyptians. 


126.  Diptt    ^-  ^-  P^CLGB- 

127.  ^pt2  n.  m.  staf. 

128.  nS"!^    n.  m.    si^r^i^,    a2> 

pearance,  countenance. 

129.  a^a  n.  m.  sea«. 

T 

130.  Tl^f2  Moses. 

131.  JOBtt^tt  n.  m.  judgment. 


3 


HEBREW  WORD  LIST  103 

144.  '^JJ^  n.  m.  shoe,  sandal. 

145.  "^J^J  n.  m.  hoy,  youth. 

146.  ^aj  v./aZ^. 

-  T 

147.  *^^J  V.  hiphil,  re^cw*. 

148.  J{'"2^3  V.  Z(/l:  wp,  carry. 

T     T 

149.  ^^yj  V.  take  off. 

150.  JpJ  V.  give,  place;  n.  64,  gr. 


132.  X3  particle,  woiy,  I  pray. 

T 

133.  t033  V-  liipMl,  look. 

-    T 

134.  ^2i  Y.  fail,  wither. 

135.  ^^3  V.  approach,  persecute. 

-T 

136.  ri^O  ^'  drive  about. 
1^7.   )|,*^3  V.  lead,  drive. 

-   T 

138.  D^i  v./ee. 

139.  '^HO  ^'  ^-  brook. 

140.  nti?nj  ^-  111-  bronze. 
I'^l-  n^i  V-  liiphil,  siriA;e,  s^ay. 

142.  J^^^  V.  piel,  ^r2^,  attempt. 

143.  B'^n^Si  n.  boyhood,  youth. 


151.  ^JB  Y.  close;  piel,  deliver. 

152.  ^^B    "^^  ^^''^  aside,  draw 

near;  hiphil,  take  off. 

153.  nJD  II-  111-  ^^«w*w  2>^^. 

154.  *inB  V.  hide. 


155.  *1BS?    '^-    5er?;e,    worship; 

hiphil,  enslave. 

156.  ^B5?  n-  HI-  servant. 

157.  HHS  n-  ^-  assembly 

158.  "nS  n-  m.^ocA;. 


04 


HEBREW  WORD  LIST 


59.  ^'iJJ  adv.  again  J  stilly  yet 

60.  D"?'l5?  ^-  ^*  ^i^rnity, 

61.  ri'lS    n.  m./oM^Z. 

62.  'l^JJ    prep,   upon^    against ^ 

n.  85. 

63.  ^"S  V.  90  itp. 

64.  j^^JJ  n.  m.  Zea/. 

65.  Q^:?  see  D^l!?. 

66.  D5J  n.  m.  people;  n.  39. 

67.  135  prep.  with. 

68.  ^aj^  V.  stand, 

69.  ''35^  n.  m.  affliction^  misery. 

70.  J^JJ  n.  m.  tree  J  wood. 

71.  J15£S?  ^-  ^'  «^'y»ce,  counsel. 

72.  ^^5?    adj.  undrcumcisedj 

impious. 

73.  j-[t;j>  V.  do,  maAie. 

74.  J^JJ  n.  f .  timCf  season. 

75.  nos  ^^^*  ^^^^* 

176.  n3B  n.  Da.  corpse. 


177.  ,^S  n.  m.  mouth;  est.  *»£ ; 

V 

w.  sfx.  ^3  ,    ^"^g  . 

178.  J^a  n.  m.  brook. 

179.  "^Dtt^bB  Philistine. 

'      t     •      : 

180.  njS  ^-  i^-  pi-  only, /ace. 

181.  •'•nS  Pherezite. 

182.  ni^lB  P^arao. 


183.  |S!{  ii.f. /oc^. 

184.  XS^  ^-  ^-  ot^*^!/' 

185.  p'^^ai  adj.Juaf. 

186.  H'Pit  y.  prosper. 

188.  np5?^  n-  f-  cry- 

P 

189.  ^rii*?  ^'  ^-  CLssembly. 

190.  5J5ip  n.  m.  /leZmei. 

191.  Dip  V-  ^^'««- 

192.  ^|pp    V.   be    light;    piel, 

cur«e. 


HEBREW   WORE 

)  LIST                                 105 

193. 

sbp  ^-  ^^*'^- 

^ 

194. 

1 

J^*^p  n.  m.  sling. 

207. 

h^)^t  Said. 

195. 

S'lp  V-  cry  out,  call 

,  meet. 

208. 

nStt^    V.  praise,   propiH-' 

196. 

Dip  ^-  approach. 

209. 

ate. 
H^tt^  V.  send. 

197. 

.ISn  V-  see. 

210. 

T\^*\!)  V.  draw. 

'     '     T       T 

211. 

nw  adv.  there,  thither. 

198. 

\yji^*^  n.  m.  head. 

212. 

T 

nV^  n.  m.  7iame. 

199. 

^:^n.tfoot. 

213. 

Cttty  ^-  i^-  heavens. 

200. 

n^"!    n.  f.   breathy 

spirit, 

•    -      T 

' 

214. 

Si:2ty  ^-  ^^(ir. 

wind. 

215. 

-      T 

J'V*l*i?     n.    m.    breast' 
plate. 

201. 

Y^^  y-  run. 

202. 

3n"l  3.(1].  it-j'de,  spacious. 

hntr^  Y.  plant. 

T        T 

216. 

203. 

J^J?^  \.feed,  tend. 

-      T 

204. 

S?ti^n  3>dj.  wicked. 

n 

t? 

217. 

TjlFl  n.  mids*. 

205. 

n\y  ^-  ^-  5/ieep. 

218. 

n-iin  °-  f-  ^a"- 

206. 

D^\y  Y.  place. 

219. 

nSO  ^-  '^-  sheath. 

ENGLISH   WORD  LIST 


FOR   EXERCISES 

NumberB  in  light  type  refer  to  Hebrew  Word  Liit ;  those  In  heavy  typ«  refer  to  iectloni 


able,  78. 

affliction,  118,  169. 
against,  162. 
all,  95. 
among,  23. 
announce,  214. 
approach,  135,  196. 
armor,  110. 
army,  122,  184. 
assembly,  189. 

B 

battle,  120. 
be,  43,  86. 
beard,  52. 
beast,  25. 
beauty,  81. 
because,  93,  121. 
behave  bravely,  33. 
behold  !  47 ;  v.,  133. 
bind,  53,  151. 
boast,  33. 
breastplate,  215. 
bring,  26,  196. 
brook,  139,  178. 
burn,  30. 
bush,  153. 


call,  195. 
can,  78. 
champion,  32. 
child,  29,  145. 
choose,  28. 
clothe,  103. 
conceal,  154. 
consume,  11. 
counsel,  157. 
countenance,  128. 
cry,    n.,    188;    v., 

195. 
curse,  192. 
cut  off,  100. 

D 

day,  77. 
dead,  115. 
deliver,  151. 
desert.  111. 
despise,  27. 
do,  173. 
draw,  210. 
draw  near,  152. 
drive,  137. 
dwell,  87. 
107 


E 
earth,  21. 
Egypt,  125. 
enslave,  155. 
everlasting,  160. 

F 

fall,  146. 
find,  58. 
flee,  138. 
flock,  158,  183. 
for,  23. 
forehead,  124. 
forever,  160. 
from,  121. 

a 

give,  150. 
go,  26,  44,  82. 
go  around,  66. 
God,  14. 
good,  70. 
great,  34. 
ground,  5. 

H 

hand,  73. 
hasten,  114. 
have,  28,  R.  7. 


108 


ENGLISH  WORD  LIST 


head,  198. 
hear,  214. 
heaven,  213. 
helmet,  190. 
high,  37,  38. 
holy,  78. 
honey,  37. 
horse,  19. 
hurl,  193. 

I 
in,  23. 
into,  13,  23. 

J 
judgment,  131. 
just,  185. 

K 

kill,  141. 
king,  78. 
know,  74. 

L 

land,  21. 
law,  218. 
lift,  148. 
lion,  20. 
look,  133. 

M 
man,  10. 
meet,  195. 
memorial,  51. 
mighty,  34. 
milk,  60. 
mountain,  48. 


name,  212. 

near,  13. 

not,  9, 12,  101. 

0 

on,  162. 
oppression,  106. 

P 

paw,  73. 

people,  16,  35,  166. 

perish,  2. 

place,  n.,  126;  v.,  150, 

praise,  45,  208. 

R 

raise,  148. 
rescue,  147. 
road,  41. 

S 
save,  88. 
say,  17. 
scabbard,  219. 
scoff,  108. 
scorn,  67. 
scrip,  79,  97. 
seat,  129. 
send,  209. 
servant,  156. 
serve,  155. 
sheep,  205. 
shepherd,  203. 
sight,  128. 


sign,  7. 
slay,  141. 
sling,  193,  194. 
smite,  141. 
snatch,  147. 
speak,  17. 
spear,  62. 
staff,  127. 
stand,  168. 
stone,  3. 
strike,  141.  - 
strong,  32,  55. 
sword,  65. 


take,  109. 
ta^e  away,  148. 
that,  conj.,  93. 
to,  13. 
tree,  170. 
truth,  19. 
turn,  65. 

W 

walk,  44. 
water,  117. 
way,  41. 
well,  39. 
wicked,  204. 
word,  19. 
worship,  155. 


year,  21. 
youth,  143,  145. 


INDEX 


INDEX 


Numbers  refer  to  sectioni 


Absolute  —  see  infinitive  and  nouns. 
Accent  —  word,  7  ;  of  segolate  forms, 

63,  78J;  of  strong  verbs,  13,  14 ;  in 

hiphil,  29;  with  consecutive  waw, 

33 ;  of  weak  verbs,  65 ;   of  nouns, 

76,  78 ;  with  suffixes,  75  note,  84 ; 

clausal,  72  ;  in  pause,  73. 
Adjectives  —  attributive,  predicate, 

with   article,    p.    19;    comparison, 

p.  40. 
Adverbs  —  with  pronominal  suffixes, 

86. 
Afformatives  — 12  ;  changed  before 

suffixes,  84. 
Aleph  —  vowel  letter,  2  ;  quiescent, 

4,  37,  58  ;  lengthens  vowel,  44,  50 ; 

guttural,  35,  39;  takes  segol,  36; 

omission  of  initial  with  shewa,  61. 
Apocopation  —  of  he,  59. 
Article  —  24  ;    with    gutturals,   39  ; 

syntax  of,  p.  19. 
Assimilation  —  of    dentals,    31;    of 

nun,  60, 84  ;  of  lamed,  60 ;  of  he,  84. 
Athnah  — 72,  73. 
Begadcapheth  —  1 ;  with  dagesh  lene 

and  forte,  6 ;  without  dagesh  lene, 

48. 
C0N8TRUCT — see  infinitive  and  nouns. 
Dagesh  —  see  begadcapheth  ;  forte  in 

waw,  11  ;  in  niphal  infinitive,  60, 

69 ;    omitted,  35,  62-64,  82  ;    con- 
junctive, 28. 
Dentals  —  assimilated,  31. 


Gutturals  —  omit  dagesh  forte,  35; 

change  vowel,  36,  37  ;  take  com- 
pound shewa,  36,  47  ;  take  furtive 
pathah,  38  ;  with  article,  39  ;  verbs, 
see  Contents ;  segolates,  79. 

Hatephs  —  3. 

He  —  vowel  letter,  2  ;  quiescent,  4, 
37,  44 ;  replaced  by  preformative, 
18,  22,  70  ;  by  taw,  21,  59 ;  affixed 
to  imperative  and  imperfect,  32 ; 
guttural,  35,  39  ;  %vith  mapplk,  37  ; 
with  furtive  pathah,  38;  for  orig- 
inal yod,  59,  82 ;  omitted,  59,  77  ; 
assimilated,  84. 

Hiphil  — 15,  29,  30. 

HiTHPAEL  — 15,  22  ;  replaced  by  hith- 
poel,  hithpalpel,  and  hithpolel,  65, 
66. 

HoLEM  —  coincides  with  diacritical 
point,  11. 

HOPHAL  — 15,  29. 

Imperative  — 14;  lengthened  form, 
32  ;  imperfect  fus,  ib. ;  with  suffixes, 
83,  84. 

Imperfect  —  14,  16  ;  shortened  and 
lengthened  forms,  32 ;  with  con- 
secutive waw,  33 ;  with  suffixes, 
83,  84. 

Lvfinitive  —  absolute,  17  ;  construct, 
14,  17  ;  of  niphal,  18,  60  ;  with  suf- 
fixes, 83,  84. 

Interrogative  —  pronouns,  28  ;  par- 
ticle, 61. 


in 


112 


INDEX 


Kal  — 15. 

Kames  —  distinguished    from  kames 

hatuph,  9,  10 ;  pretonic,  30,  52,  84. 
Kerb  and  Kethib  —  55. 
KiBBus  —  before  dagesh  forte,  45,  64. 
Lamed  —  assimilated,      60  ;      initial 

omitted,  61,  64. 
Makkeph  —  28;  shortens  vowel,  46. 
Mappik  — 37. 
Masoretic  Points  —  3,  4;   coincide, 

11. 
Metathesis  —  31. 
Methbg  — 10,  49. 
Motion  —  term  of ,  23. 
NiPHAL  — 15,  18  ;  nun  assimilated  in, 

60,  70. 
Nouns  —  gender    and    number,    19  ; 

states,  20,  21 ;  relations,  23  ;  with 

article,   24 ;    with  suffixes,   75-82 ; 

classes,  see  Contents. 
Numerals  —  cardinals,  87  ;   ordinals, 

88. 
Nun  —  affixed,    32  ;   assimilated,   60  ; 

initial  omitted,  61,  64  ;  epenthetic, 

84. 
Object  —  noun,  23  ;  pronoun,  25,  83  ; 

place  in  sentence,  p.  19 ;  relative, 

p.  58. 
Ole  wbtored  —  72. 
Omission  —  of  initial  letters,  61,  64; 

of   dagesh  forte,   35,   62,    63,    82; 

of  dagesh  lene,  48  ;  of  shewa,  50, 

69. 
Optative  —  imperfect  as,  32. 
Participle  — 16,  22  ;  with  possessive 

suffixes,  77  ;    with  object  suffixes, 

83. 
Patiiah  —  with  gutturals,  35, 79  ;  fur- 
tive, 37,  41 ;  replaced  by  segol,  78. 
Pause  — 73. 


Perpbct — 13,  16;  with  consecutive 
waw,  33. 

PiEL  — 15, 22 ;  replaced  by  poel,  polel, 
and  pilpel,  65,  66. 

Prefixes  —  15  ;  replaced  by  pre- 
formatives,  18,  22,  70. 

Preformatives  — 12  ;  see  preceding. 

Prepositions  —  23;  inseparable,  ih.; 
with  article,  24;  with  pronominal 
suffixes,  25,  85. 

Pronouns  —  personal,  25,  ace  suf- 
fixes ;  demonstrative,  26  ;  see  rela- 
tive; indefinite,  28, 

PuAL  — 15,  22;  replaced  by  poal, 
polal,  and  pulpal,  65,  66. 

Punctuation  —  72. 

Rebia  —  72. 

Relative  —  particle  for  pronoun,  27  ; 
clause,  p.  58. 

Segol  —  inserted,  53,  78;  with  aleph, 
36 ;  in  pause  for  shewa,  73  ;  replaces 
pathah,  78, 

Segolates  —  formation  of,  63,  78; 
guttural,  79  ;  feminine,  80  ;  fem- 
inine nouns  derived  from,  81 ;  de- 
fective, 82. 

Segolta  —  72. 

Sentences  —  substantive,  verbal, 
word  order,  p.  19. 

Shewa  —  silent,  vocal,  5 ;  simple, 
compound,  5,  36,  49 ;  vocalized, 
48-53,  73,  76,  78;  causes  omission 
of  initial  letter,  61,  64,  70;  omitted, 
5,  49,  60,  69. 

Shurek  —  waw  becomes,  8  ;  distin- 
guished from  waw  with  dagesh 
forte,  11. 

Sibilants  —  metathesis  of,  31. 

SiLLUK  AND  Sopii  Pasuk  —  72,73. 

States  —  see  Nouns. 


INDEX 


113 


Suffixes  —  light,  grave,  74,  76  ;  with 
prepositions,  25,  85 ;  with  nouns, 
74-82;  with  verbs,  83,  84;  with 
adverbs,  86. 

Stxtax  Rules  —  see  end  of  Contents. 

Taw  —  affixed  to  feminine  nouns,  19 ; 
to  infinitive,  64,  70 ;  replaces  he, 
21,  59  ;  assimilates  he,  84. 

Tense  —  16. 

Verbs  — inflection  of,  12-14,  29,  30; 
forms,  15  ;  intransitive,  34 ;  classi- 
fied, 40,  56,  see  Contents. 

Vowels  —  letters,  cognate,  2;  maso- 
retic  points,  3  ;  fully  and  defectively 
written,  4;  long  and  short,  9,  10, 
44,  45 ;  unchangeable,  42,  75,  77 ; 


change  of,  35,  43,  50 ;  change  of  — 
in  nouns,  20,  21,  76-80;  in  verbs, 
13,  14,  22,  84;  in  participles,  77; 
inserted  before  afformatives,  65,  66 ; 
shewa  becomes,  48-53,  73,  76,  78. 

Waw  —  vowel  letter,  2;  conjunction 
becomes  shurek,  8 ;  consecutive, 
33 ;  with  coinciding  masoretic 
points,  11 ;  initial  becomes  yod, 
68,  70. 

Yod  —  vowel  letter,  2;  quiescent,  4, 
50,  69 ;  initial  omitted,  61,  69-71 ; 
omits  dagesh  forte,  62  ;  replaced  by 
he,  59,  82. 

Yahwe  —  55. 

Zakeph  gadol  and  katon — 72. 


I 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 

■mini 


